Background: Dinoflagellates are one of the four main types of phytoplankton, which are photosynthetic, single celled and free living organisms in the ocean. Dinoflagellates cause the Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) also known as the red tide effect (Hackett et al 2004). Toxicity persisting at upper levels of the food chain is detected in them from the ones which are toxic, but not all such blooms are toxic. Enhanced detection capabilities may in part contribute to observed high frequency and severity
live. Those are some of the morphological adaptations that diatoms have evolved to help them maintain a planktonic existence. Dinoflagellates have a pair of flagellum, transverse flagellum, that are wound up around the body and then when whipped in a wavelike fashion causes the cell to go in a spinning motion, giving it a forward propulsion. This helps the dinoflagellates keep their planktonic existence because it can help them stay at the top of the water column, making it easier for them to perform
Jaden Knutson Mrs. Urbanec English 10 9 April, 2014 Save the Sea Mermaid Manatees, also known a sea mermaids or cows, are on the brink of extinction with funding and environmental protection required to save these amazing animals. Humans are the biggest threat to their existence. Humans have carelessly injured and killed thousands of manatees by slicing and dicing them with boat propellers, all in the name of entertainment. Other negative factors include pollution, environmental reduction
of the thousands of species are associated with the phenomenon known as an algal bloom. These algae fall into two categories. The first category of harmful algae produces toxins that are released when ingested by animals or humans. The dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (left) and the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis (right) are examples of toxin producing alga. The other category of harmful algae kill without toxins. These are equipped with structures such as spines and serrated
Introduction Red Tide, commonly labeled as Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs), is a natural phenomenon that is caused by an explosion of algae in coastal waters. The algae are single celled protists; plant-like organisms. Because the algae reproduce expeditiously, they manage to alter the color of coastal oceans. However, the name "Red Tide" is a misnomer; many times, the ocean can be multiple colors, ranging from green to blue to yellow. Overall, Red Tide has many negative effects on the environment as
Bioluminescence is the production of light from an organism by a chemical reaction. (all authors) It is utilized by terrestrial and marine organisms, for predatorial, attractive, protective, communicative, and identification advantages. (first one) The cookie-cutter shark utilizes an illuminated underside to attract prey. (first) Bioluminescence can create a strong flash of light for protection against a predator. Bioluminescence is a primarily marine phenomenon. In contrast, bioluminescence is essentially
hyperpolarization. Hyperpolarization prevents the neuron from receiving another stimulus. After hyperpolarization the membrane goes back to its resting potential of -70 mV. iii. Mye... ... middle of paper ... ...xin. 2. Different species of dinoflagellates have different polyketide synthases, these synthases allow for the biosynthesis of saxitoxins. d. What is its toxic dose? Is this an oral or iv dose? i. The oral dose in humans that can result in human death is 1 to 4 mg. Unfortunately no
Sound Light and Ocean Biochemical Processes Propagation of sound and the transmission of light within water Sound All sounds come from vibrations causing sound waves. Sound waves will travel better through solids and liquids than they will gas. “Sound or acoustic energy involves the actual vibration of the actual material through which it passes and thus, in general, propagates best through solids and liquids, less well in gasses and not at all in a vacuum” (Wright et al., 1995, p. 70) Objects
plantlike because the make their own food through photosynthesis. Some consume other organisms while others are parasites when light is unavailable for photosynthesis. The groups of plantlike protists include the following: euglenoids, diatoms, dinoflagellates, green algae, red algae, brown algae, yellow-green algae, and golden-brown algae. Funguslike Protists Funguslike protists are considered funguslike because absorb nutrients from other organisms. Some types of funguslike protists consume other
“Cnidarians” is Greek for “stinging nettle” (“Introduction to Cnidaria"). Phylum Cnidaria include freshwater hydra, jellyfish, and corals. Each of these invertebrates go through transitions in body forms. Jellyfish are the most unusual and complex out of the phylum. Jellyfish are in the class Scyphozoa, which means true jellyfish. Cnidarians are found in the Mediterranean and in the oceans. They can live in the ocean as well as coastal waters. But the primary habitat for Cnidarians are in the open
Endosymbiosis is important as it enables us to understand the evolution of eukaryotes from the common ancestor. This essay will focus on: the early evolution of our eukaryote ancestor during Precambrian period, plastids origin along the algae family due to second endosymbiosis; discuss the evidence that supports the theory, including further examples of endosymbiosis. The theory, as discussed by Lynn Margulis, states that mitochondria originated from α-proteobacteria bacterium which was engulfed
Cnidaria is a large phylum composed of some of the most beautiful of all the salt and freshwater organisms: the true jellyfish, box jellyfish, coral and sea anemones, and hydra. Although Cnidaria is an incredibly diverse group of animals, there are several traits that link them together. Most cnidarians are dipoblastic, which means that they are composed of only two layers of cells. The outer layer is known as the ectoderm or epidermis, and the inner layer is known as the endoderm or gastrodermis
Many theories have been proposed as to what causes coral bleaching and how serious the threat is to coral ecosystems. While literature holds many theories on coral bleaching, the continuing theme for this review is to what extent is coral bleaching a threat to coral reefs around the world and what is the main cause of coral bleaching. This review will explore the coral and algae symbiont relationship, its role in coral bleaching as well as reviewing past bleaching events and exploring potential adaptation
piscicida- Latin for “fish killer” has been living in the mud of rivers for millions of years, but until recently something has jolted its metabolism into overdrive and has caused it to become a fearsome predator. This newly discovered type of dinoflagellate or marine protozoa, which generally has two flagella and cellulose covering, has been living off simple nutrients in the river waters of primarily North Carolina, until now that is. Near the Neuse River in NC, there is a slaughterhouse for pigs
and disorientation. With that in mind, bacterial meningitis can be treated with antibiotics while the movie organism has no cure. Slightly different than Toxoplasmic gondii and bacterial meningitis is Pfiesteria. Pfiesteria is a heterotrophic dinoflagellate that produces a toxin when environmental conditions are ideal. It is most commonly associated with the phenomenon known as “Red Tide”. The red tide is an “algal bloom that appears red or brownish in colour” and is caused by “agricultural run-off
The Effects of Global Warming on the Great Barrier Reef Introduction Coral reefs around the world are in danger. One of the causes is global warming, which has been increasing the temperature of the ocean water resulting in coral bleaching. This essay will focus on damage occurring to the Great Barrier Reef. What is a Coral Reef? A coral reef is a ridge formed in shallow ocean water by accumulated calcium-containing exoskeletons of coral animals, certain red algae, and mollusks. Coral
Coral Bleaching: Potential Mechanisms and Observed Adaptations Coral reefs are the most biologically diverse marine ecosystems. Driving this diversity are cnidarian corals which are obligate mutualistic symbioses between coral animals and dinoflagellate algae of the genus symbiodinium. These algae are commonly called zooxanthellae. This symbiosis between heterotrophic hosts and photosynthetic symbionts allows coral to thrive in nutrient poor seas and deposit calcium carbonate to build reefs
Species Profile of the Sand Crab (Emerita analoga). Camouflaged communities of Emerita analoga exist along the Pacific coast from the Alaska to California. Sand crabs is crustacean arthropods belonging to the Hippidae family to the genus Emerita. The unique ecological factors of the intertidal biome provide the basic conditions necessary for sand crabs. The most established populations of Emerita analoga inhibit the California coast (C. Sorte et al., 2001). The Pacific Intertidal zone Vandenberg
ciguatera fish poisoning, or CFP, typically occur within 1-6 hours of the consumption of ciguatoxin tainted fish and the duration of symptoms varies from days, months or even years (Kipping, Eastcott, Sarangi, 2006). Ciguatoxin originates from dinoflagellate algae and most commonly from the coral reef species of algae called Gambierodiscus toxicus primarily in tropical and subtropical regions (Kipping, Eastcott, Sarangi, 2006). The algae are eaten by herbivorous fishes that absorb the toxin without
Annelids: I learned that the phylum Annelids can consist of many creatures such as earthworms, leeches, and scale worms can adapt to a variety of environments. Annelids’ bodies are divided into segments which are seen as rings by the naked eye. They have muscles which help them move by contracting their longitudinal and circular muscles. When Annelids take in food, the food particles travel through one end of the body and are excreted out the other side. The video enhanced my understanding about