Chirality in Chemistry Chirality is a term which may be applied to any asymmetric object or molecule. It is the property of non-identity of an object with its mirror image. A chiral compound is one which is not superimposable on its mirror image. This property of molecules has a great importance in the chemistry feild as it provides us with an understanding of the shapes of molecules which then in turn, gives us an insight on the way they react in a particular reaction. Chirality in chemistry
In order to better understand the concept of isomerism, it is good to begin at the root of the word itself. Isomerism can be broken down from ancient Greek language. In Greek, iso means “same”, while meros translates to “part.” From this, one can deduce that isomerism is a concept associated with similar parts. Essentially, isomerism in chemistry is defined as having two or more molecules containing the same number and kind of atoms, but differing in structure and/or function. Today, one can learn
gadolinium, silver, sulfur, and rhodium. The chapter begins by explaining applications of silver, copper, vanadium, and gadolinium as medicines and antiseptics and describing their benefits and consequences. The following section in the chapter discusses chirality, or handedness. Virtually every protein in every life form has a left-handed twist to it. When this was discovered by Louis Pasteur, it changed modern medicine. Also discovering something that would have a great impact on modern medicine was Gerhard
agent, hydride, which added in on the endo side of the second carbon (C2) to make the exo alcohol isoborneol. The mechanisms of oxidation and reduction mirrored similar reactions such as esterification, β-elimination, and nucleophilic attack. The chirality and stereochemistry was observed in each step and played a role in forming the exo product isoborneol
This experiment is predicated on the concept of utilizing liquid CO2 to extract D-Limonene from an orange’s rind and using optical rotation/refractive index to characterize the D-Limonene. Limonene is an essential oil which is found in orange peels. Limonene is classified as a monoterpene. This is because its structure consists of two isoprene units (C5H10). Limonene, like many essential oils, is categorized as a terpene/terpenoid. Terpenoids are oxygenated variations of terpenes. Terpenes are organic
sulfur which is located in the middle of the compound bonded to two carbon atoms on either side of the sulfur. The sulfur also has a double bonded oxygen atom, and two lone pairs of electrons indicating that it has a tetrahedral bond angle hence chirality.11 Figure 2: The structure of esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate The synthesis of esomeprazole magnesium is divided into two sections; section I and II. Section I demonstrates the synthesis of omeprazole which is the S enantiomer of esomeprazole
Plastic of the 20th Century Introduction With up to 150 million tons of plastic being consumed each year since the 1950s, it is clear that this polymer plays a critical role in everyday life (Icpeenvis.nic.in, 2011). A polymer is a substance made from identical monomers (molecules) joined together to form one large molecule (Smith et al., 2006). Plastic is often made from petrochemicals, with thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers being the two forms (Helmenstine, 2016). These are found ubiquitously
Carl Woese’s (1990) groundbreaking paper categorised the Tree of Life into three domains for the first time– Archaea, Eubacteria and Eukarya. Before this, Archaea were known as Archaebacteria due to their prokaryotic, single-celled appearance similar to bacteria. However, Woese analysed 16S ribosomal RNA from all three groups and discovered there were differences of such significance in the sequences, for example between positions 180 and 197, that Archaea should be classified as their own domain
Good morning/ afternoon ladies and gentleman, my name is Gurkaran Banipal, and my presentation is on Carbon Nanotubes or also known as CNTs. Did you know theses nanotubes are constructed with a length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1, significantly larger than for any other material present and they are lighter than plastic, stronger than steel, harder than diamond, and conduct electricity better than copper. Carbon nanotubes are a revolutionary development that has a very distinguished structure
Sweetness. Lower molecular weight amino acids, except proline, are sweet irrespective of their configuration, and D-enantiomers of high molecular weight amino acids are generally sweet (Kemp & Birch, 1989). D-amino acids do not occur naturally but may be produced during food processing due to racemisation. There are currently no known natural peptides with a sweet taste (Weir, 1992). The synthetic peptide most recognised for its taste is L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester, i.e. aspartame
Since the foundations of stereochemistry were first considered by Louis Pasteur in 1848 and its importance highlighted when he famously said that the universe is chiral (L'Univers est dissymétrique 1) this sub-discipline of chemistry has evolved into an integral area of research in understanding a drug molecules pharmacological effect. The important role of stereochemistry in API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient) drug design is reflected in the international regulations and guidelines which address
Life as defined by Knoll, a profesor of Biology at Harvard, is a system in which proteins and nucleic acid interact in ways that allow the structure to grow and reproduce (2004). Or in other words, one can describe life as having these six features; i) have carbon as a driving force, essential for it to grow and being able to make copies for itself and also must have the ability to convert the inorganic sources like carbon dioxide into organic molecules, in the case of hetrotrophics. ii) metabolism