hardwood, agricultural wastes, straw and corn stover provides second generation fuels [1]. NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory), USA reported that in 2010 there was approximately 5 billion gallons/ annum ethanol was produced using food grains and production of 8 billion gallons/ annum ethanol is expected in 2015 with the use of lignocellulosic biomass. Major constituents of biomass containing polymers of sugars are cellulose and hemicelluloses whereas lignin forms a protective covering against various
United States we have been looking into alternative energies to reduce our dependence on oil and help reduce our carbon footprint. One method the EPA has come out in support of is ethanol production. Ethanol is considered a green fuel because it recycles the burned carbon each time new crops are grown. In theory ethanol is a good stepping stone between using gasoline and zero emission power sources. However biofuels are still young technology that has many problems before it can be useful. The EPA
including fungi. However, the purification of enzyme from these sources is expensive, on the order of $5.50 per gallon of ethanol produced. Genetic engineering or biotechnology has already played a key enabling role in the development of cellulosic biomass conversion technologies by dramatically reducing the cost of cellulase production from about $5.50 per gallon of ethanol to $0.10-15 per gallon of
Ethanol is a volatile, flammable, colourless liquid. It is the principal type of alcohol that found in alcoholic beverages produced by fermentation of sugars by yeast. It is used as an antiseptic, a solvent, a fuel. Due to its low freezing point,active fluid in post mercury thermometers (Nivedita, 1998).Ethanol, the renewable resource, produced from fermentation of glucose rich substrates, like sugar cane, fruit juices, tapioca, sweet potatoes, sweet sorghum etc. Starchy materials like maize, wheat
Ethanol can be made from many different plant sugars including starch and cellulose. Starch ethanol is the most common biofuel used in the world. It is made from kernels of corn, which is very easy to break down. This means that corn is very easily converted into ethanol. On the other hand, cellulose is not easily broken down into ethanol. Cellulose is found in the cell walls of plants, and resembles plant armor. The cellulose combines with lignin, which makes plants woody. During the process of
Weed is an extremely noticeable and disputable issue in the public eye today. Although, numerous libelous cases have been made about cannabis in late history, the truths are gradually beginning to reemerge. Shockingly, these truths are under overwhelming feedback because of the cliché perspective of what individuals see as an ordinary "pot head." This skewed impression of a sluggish and unmotivated America is the consequence of more than seventy years of purposeful publicity and falsehood spread
Ethanol as a vehicle fuel is not a new concept. Henry Ford designed the framed Model T to run on alcohol, he said it was “the fuel of the future”. The oil companies thought otherwise, however the oil crisis of the early 1970s gave ethanol fuel the new lease of life. More than two trillion miles have been driven on ethanol blended fuels in the United States since 1980. Ethanol can save our future children generations of work by keeping our planet clean and prevent warfare. Today our renewable fuel
Figure 1: Fuel Ethanol and Biodiesel Production is Highly Concentrated (2007) As more and more countries turn to renewable bioenergy alternatives, the demand increases. To keep affordable prices for consumers, the supply must also increase at the same rate. While Brazil has not found problems with land limitation to grow crops, US and China experience such issues. (to be continued) It’s also helpful to consider first generation biofuels in comparison to second generation biofuels. Ethanol pr... ..
Should corn ethanol be used for fuel? Alternative energy is the world’s race as of now. As the space race concluded and the nuclear arms race died down, alternative energy became the race of the ages. In today’s society, with today’s technology there are all sorts of forms of alternative energies. These energies include hydro power, geothermal, biomass, nuclear power, and so much more. With all of these variations of alternative energy the question now becomes, which form is the best to use? Are
Alcohol Abuse in America Teenage drinking has a storied past in the United States. Alcohol was first introduced to America by the European traders and colonists. Most people instantly fell in love with this new drink. The one-hundred and fifty years between the Colonial period and the Revolutionary War was when alcohol really became popular. Alcohol was considered as a "Good Creature of God". It was used as a medicine and considered a tool for relaxation and good fellowship. This conception
The goal of this two week lab was to examine the stereochemistry of the oxidation-reduction interconversion of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol and 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone. The purpose of first week was to explore the oxidation of an alcohol to a ketone and see how the reduction of the ketone will affect the stereoselectivity. The purpose of first week is to oxidize the alcohol, 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol, to ketone just so that it can be reduced back into the alcohol to see how OH will react. The purpose
Introduction: From the lab book (1), Experiment 12.2A discusses the nitration of methyl benzoate to give an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. This is seen in this experiment as a hydrogen on methyl benzoate is replaced with a nitronium ion. To achieve this an acid-base reaction, sulfuric acid and nitric acid react to produce a nitronium ion, a hydronium ion, and 2 bisulfate ions as seen in Structure 1. The nitronium ion reacts with an aromatic ring forming a sigma complex
Nobody wants to grow up to be a drunk. Although drinking alcohol may be enjoyable in social situations and it looks cool, it is a terrible addiction and is considered a type of drug abuse. Mothers expecting a child can really harm the child by consuming alcohol. Alcohol can cause the body to make terrible decisions such as drunk driving which not only puts the drinker in danger, but also puts everyone else in danger. The abuse of alcoholic beverages can cause a person to become an alcoholic. Underage
Around the world, alcohol is used in many different ways: consuption, disinfectent,in religion and is also used for havin a good time. Consuming large amounts of alcohol can leave you in a drunk state and too much alcohol can kill you. This is why there is a legal driking age in Canada. However in certain parts of Europe, there is not a drinking age and even with no drinking age, there are less alcohol involved accidents per year. We should eliminate the drinking age in Canada because it will reduce
What is perfume? Some people may say that perfumes are a fragrant liquid created by essential oils and other ingredients. Essential oils are responsible for the odor and makes up the fragrance of a plant and are usually extracted from flowers or spices to make a certain scent (Wong, 2013). Perfumes are also a refreshing and pleasant smell that women and men usually spread around their body or clothes. Each scent of perfume depends on a certain person. No two persons are exactly the same, therefore
It’s May 5, 2012. It’s a Saturday night after a stressful week of school. It’s an ordinary spring day. We had been at Truman Lake on the water all day, looking forward to a great night of racing. The sun rose up, the heat was reaching the upper nineties, and conditions were beautiful for a night filled with racing. My uncle had box tickets to the Impact Night at Wheatland Speedway. My mom, dad, brother, and three of our family friends all piled into our seven passenger SUV to head down to Wheatland
Parents Enabling Underage Drinking On a summer night, in Texas, three people came to the rescue of a young lady who was stranded by the side of the road. In the meantime, a sixteen year old boy with a blood alcohol level of .24 was behind the wheel of his pick-up, joy riding with some friends. The individuals, standing by the car, never had a chance as the teens pick-up careened into them, killing all four. Who is to blame for this horrific accident, the drunken teenager or the parents who may have
QUESTION PRESENTED Did Brady violate Michigan Law by knowingly allowing minors to consume alcohol on her real property where she was present in hosting a social gathering for her daughter’s birthday. BRIEF ANSWER Most likely, yes. Brady did knowingly allow minors to consume alcohol on her real property. A homeowner may be responsible for knowingly allowing minors to consume alcohol if the homeowner hosted the party, controlled the real property, was present for the entire party where a majority
Many people have lost loved ones as a result of drunk driving. Alcohol related motor vehicle accidents are one of the main causes of death, especially with teenagers. After drinking alcohol, a person’s perception and judgement become distorted and they may feel overconfident and take chances they’d never take if sober. Alcohol affects the body by impairing vision, slowing down reaction time, and making the body feel more relaxed and drowsy. People think that they can be careful when they drive drunk
What is alcohol? Where does it even come from? Is it bad? What effect does it have on the body? What are the benefits? These popular questions are the focal points of this discussion. The moral and religious debate of whether or not alcohol is wrong to consume is not in the scope of this conversation. Alcohol is a widely used substance by many people, and I intend to take an objective, factual, and practical approach to this topic. What is Alcohol? Chemistry is at the heart of all nutrition. Thus