through which photosynthesis can occur: C3, C4, and Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). These pathways happen during the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis. The CAM pathway has developed in plants that live in arid conditions, yet the C3 and C4 pathways can coexist in many different environments. What is interesting about these two pathways is that the C4 pathway seems to be more effective at producing sugars and fixing carbon than the C3 pathway. Why is it then that the C3 pathway is still the most common
Sunlight energy 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 +6O2 The formula for photosynthesis starting from the left side starts with “six molecules of carbon dioxide and six molecules of water as starting ingredients (or” reactants”), and then on the right is a molecule glucose and six molecules of oxygen as product” (Krogh, 2011, p.142). In the middle of the equation is the energy that comes from the rays of the sun. The sunlight is the most important and the driving force behind the entire process. Krogh, D. (2011)
to plant various types of this plant family. This family of plants is also used to enhance soil fertility and is a valuable source of wood. In various agricultural systems, the need for chemical fertilizer is greatly reduced due to the nitrogen fixation of the symbiotic bacteria that is hosted by the legumes. In some areas, almost 50% of the nitrogen added to the soil is due to this symbiotic relationship (3). Although an exact estimate of this symbiosis is hard to determine, legume-rhizobia relationships
chloroplasts of the plant. The Calvin cycle occurs in the liquid of the chloroplasts of the plant, called the stroma. The light dependent reactions use water, absorbed through the roots of the plant, carbon dioxide from the air, and light from the sun as the reactants. The Calvin cycle uses NADPH, ATP, and carbon as the reactants. In the light-dependent reactions, the electron released from water travels through the photosystems and the electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane, then attaching
which fix carbon dioxide on Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate(RuBP) in the process of photosynthesis. Rubisco is found in the stroma of chloroplast and cytoplasm of photosynthetic bacteria (Keys, 1986). The availability of Rubisco in both plants and archaea-bacteria makes rubisco the most plentiful protein in the world (Helmenstine, 2016). Rubisco’s active site is specific to RuBP, carbon dioxide and oxygen. Rubisco is called carboxylase/oxygenase because it can either catalyze carboxylation (carbon fixation)
C3 photosynthesis is the ancestral form of photosynthesis and is present in the majority of plant species (Sage, Sage & Kocacinar 2012). In this process CO2 enters the mesophyll cell (mc) via openings in the epidermis called stomata and diffuses into the into the chloroplast where it enters the Calvin cycle (Raven, Evert & Eichhorn 2013). The Calvin cycle is made up of three stages: 1. Carboxylation of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). In which a molecule of CO2 is covalently bonded to a molecule