Exploring Photosynthesis: Light-Dependent Reactions and Calvin Cycle

Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplasts of the plant.
The Calvin cycle occurs in the liquid of the chloroplasts of the plant, called the stroma.
The light dependent reactions use water, absorbed through the roots of the plant, carbon dioxide from the air, and light from the sun as the reactants.
The Calvin cycle uses NADPH, ATP, and carbon as the reactants. In the light-dependent reactions, the electron released from water travels through the photosystems and the electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane, then attaching to NAD+ to be carried to the Calvin cycle. When the electrons are taken from the water, the oxygen diffuses out and only hydrogen ions are left on the inside of the thylakoid, called the

The molecule fixed in photorespiration is O2.
The molecule fixed in C4 plants is CO2.
The molecule fixed in CAM plants is CO2.
The enzyme rubisco is used to fixate CO2 in the first step of the Calvin cycle.
The enzyme used in photorespiration is rubisco.
The enzyme PEP carboxylase (present in the mesophyll cells) is used. This enzyme has a higher affinity for CO2 than rubisco. Later in the process, rubisco fixes CO2 to be made into sugars through the Calvin cycle.
The enzyme rubisco is used to fix CO2 and increase photosynthetic efficiency.
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Instead of adding CO2 to growing sugar, photorespiration adds O2. This may occur due to the temperature and the state of the stomata (open or closed) or due to the concentrations of O2 and CO2.
In C4 plants, the light-dependent reactions happen in the mesophyll cells (the tissue in the center of the leaf) and the Calvin cycle happens in the bundle-sheath cells around the leaf veins. This physical separation between the two processes is not present in normal reactions.
These plants open their stomata during the night and close them during the day. This is done in an effort to save water and prevent the collection of CO2 in the