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Today, millions of African women and girls are victims of violence and are subjected to sexual abuse in such a way that both private and public places are not safe . Sexual violence against women is an issue that has always been part of South Africa’s social structure, but it continues to be neglected by the government. Regardless of class or color, all women in South Africa live with the fear of facing sexual violence at some point in their lives. Although South Africa is one of the most developed countries in Africa economically, unfortunately it ranks, as one of the highest countries struggling with sexual violence against women. As an African country, South Africa still follows its traditions and cultural values despite the growing urban areas and adoption of western culture; thus cultural gender roles play an important role on the issue of sexual violence. Violence is an issue that is deeply embedded in South Africa and it is derived from the legacy of apartheid; therefore there is a need to understand perpetrators of violence or sexual abuse in South Africa from the lenses of apartheid. Rabenoro argued that one of the consequences of decades of apartheid is that for many people, physical violence has become the first line of strategy for resolving conflict and gaining control . The brutality of the Apartheid era left South African societies severely scared from economic, social and political inequalities. Although the South African government has been working towards achieving equality for all South African citizens, social issues such as violence against women have not been fully represented.
This paper will examine why the South African legal system has failed to address the issue of sexual abuse against women? My goal f...
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...violence imposed on them. Perpetrators of corrective rapes are most likely to never get arrested because culturally, homosexuality is not accepted in predominantly black South African societies; therefore sexually abusing lesbian women has been normalized as the right thing to do among African men. Okafor argued that homosexual resistance from traditional African societies is because black South Africans are trying to regain their nationality back as well as preserving their culture, which was lost during apartheid. In townships and rural areas, homosexuality is not as accepted as it is in cities such as Johannesburg, Cape-town, Durban and Pretoria. Although South Africa has laws in the constitution on homosexuality and equality of all people regardless of sexual preference, unfortunately these laws are not being enforced and people simply choose to ignore the law.
Gender is predominating in the criminal justice system and sexual assault exemplifies the contrast found between the traditional and non-traditional justice systems employed over time. Sexual assault poses a social threat to all aspects of community, spreading insecurity in 43400 victims across Australia and 13300 victims in NSW alone as indicated in the recent Australian Bureau of Statistics Crime Victimisation Report. (ABS 2011, p. 40) There has also been an increase of sexual assault by 51% since 1995 with an average of 4% every year. (ABS 2010) Another major issue within the boundaries of sexual assault is that it holds one...
The vast amount of research has provided several explanations to account for the behavior of the offenders and the low rate in which sexual assault cases initiate criminal proceedings through a variety of theoretical perspectives. These include the classical approaches that focus on the individual who has committed sexual assault and the positivist approaches that aim to explain the social factors that influence the prosecution rates th...
The primary focus of the book was to give a manifest and latent demonstration of how the biased attitudes of society reflected the legal system, and vice versa. There were several issues that were discussed in the book, including abortion, infanticide, sexual assault, marriage, divorce, separation, child custody, seduction, rape, prostitution and labour legislation. Very early in the book it was made quite evident the struggles that women had encountered in their tough lives. It demonstrated their fight for the rights and privileges that many women of the world so commonly enjoy.
The question this essay addresses is the difficulty, in convicting rapists and understanding why the conviction level for rape is so low. Proving a rape happened is easier said than done, there are many factors that are critical to contributing to a conviction. Why is the conviction level for rape as low as 6.5%? To comprehend the underlying levels of conviction there are unfortunate factors from the police, the criminal justice system, the probability of evidence and issue of consent that make convictions immensely difficult to prove. This essay will investigate those measures showing the contrasts of rape and why it is tricky to prove rape occurred without consent, without any corroborative evidence, attitudes of police towards rape victims, the victims withdrawing their report due to personal circumstances and the handling of victims in court, that lead to many offenders having an non-custodial sentence or being acquitted of a rape charge.
Child abuse, while having many different forms and levels of severity, can be basically defined as the maltreatment of a child by a parent or other adult. When one thinks of child abuse, usually the first thing that comes to mind is physical harm, but the issue is actually much more complex. The abuse of a child can also be manifested in verbal and emotional forms, as well as in sexual molestation. All forms of child abuse generally result in similar emotional disorders and behavioral issues, but the major consequences of sexual abuse, such as mental or emotional scarring, promiscuity, and the tendency of former victims to become sexual abusers, cause it to be the most severely damaging form of child abuse.
Thesis: It is crucial to expose the “poisonous” consequences that are a direct result of a lenient society that allows rape culture to prevail.
Due to the previously discussed concept, women are largely discriminated against by the criminal justice system and denied their right to justice. This is specifically true of women who have been involved in prior sexual activities whether with or other than their offender. “Officials deny justice to women who have been engaged in non marital sex” , as well as those who may have been engaged in a ‘flirtatious’ relationship with their offender by directing their attention on the women’s character. If she was involved in any ‘provocative’ behaviour such as dancing near the offender, prior to the incident she is seen to have “violated traditional norms of female prudence or morality” causing the blame to shift making the victim the primary suspect.
Parrot is an expert in cultural practices and the risks encountered in attempting to change them. She is currently writing a book on the topic with Nina Cummings, health educator and victim advocate at Gannett University Health Services at Cornell. Forsaken Figures: The Global Brutalization, Oppression, and Violence against Women catalogues, describes, and analyzes all manner of violence, subjugation, and gendercide against women from a global perspective. Many practices and cultural norms around the world, such as female genital mutilation, sexual slavery, and feticide/infanticide of female babies, are perceived as wrong by outside cultures, Parrot says. She is interested in determining how outside policymakers might begin to address what they see as problems when their own cultural language is vastly different from that of the communities and countries in which the practices are tolerated or even supported.
The main themes of this argument are the political and social attitudes of the subject and how the trends of Domestic Violence and Abuse persuade communities and individuals to feel about the matter; also how different locations and situations have an impact on how and why Domestic Violence and Abuse occurs. Why men feel they cannot report their cases of Domestic Violence and abuse to the police, how this crime type is measured and the historical and cultural relativity to Domestic Violence and abuse. Other themes will include the economy and the views of the Criminal Justice System.
As reported in Child Maltreatment 2013, out of the estimated 905,000 victims of child abuse and neglect reported in the United States in 2013, 8.8% were victims of sexual abuse. 1 This means that in that year over 79,600 children were sexually abused in the United States. “There is general agreement among mental health and child protection professionals that child sexual abuse is not uncommon and is a serious problem in the United States.” 2
Jewkes, R. (2012) Rape Perpetration: A review. Pretoria, Sexual Violence Research Initiative. Retrieved April 21, 2014 , from http://www.svri.org/RapePerpetration.pdf
...ing experienced physical or sexual violence in their lifetime. Several forms of violence against women tend to go unreported, the victims fearing to go against their set cultural norms which “offer social standards of appropriate and inappropriate behavior.” (Changing). Domestic partner abuse leads in causes of violence against women, and in countries such as India, Nigeria, Ghana, and China, men have the right to “assert power” over women and punish them when their behavior deviates (Changing) (“Violence”). In fact, in South Africa, while violence is considered an okay way to deal with someone in an intimate relationship, the actual practice of harming one another is considered taboo (Changing). Altogether, the combination of these types of traditional and cultural acceptance of violence against women in these many assorted countries shows why it is a global issue.
Across the world societies are constantly trying to protect their people and improve quality of life. Every culture has societal norms and laws in place in order to uphold the social order. One social issue that affects every culture in the world is sexual violence. Sexual violence is a global problem affecting every city, state, and country in the world. This is a problem that needs to be explored in order to stop this vicious crime. While most people are aware that sexual violence exists there is still a lot to learn about this crime. Western society paints a picture of sexual predators being predominantly strange older males. The truth is sexual violence can be committed by anyone and
Imagine how much happier we would be, how much freer to be our individual selves, if we didn’t have the weight of gender expectations. ( Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie )” Taking a step back, it is clear that rape culture is not a part of our society that will change anytime soon. Nonetheless, it is important to recognize the role that we play in institutionalizing rape. We have become blinded by the presence of sex in the media and there is a lack of awareness in terms of rape in our society. This, in turn, has led to a belief that most rape crimes are more or less victimless. As a society it is time to enact change, promote truly equal gender equality, and create an environment where the victims are free from shame and
Bonner, P. L. "Family, Crime, and Political Consciousness." Journal of South African Studies 14.3 (1988): 393-420. Print.