lumbar disc problems
Summary
The lumbar region of the human spine is a location that is very susceptible to injury and trauma. A majority of the population experience back pain at some time during their life, and although in most cases the pain subsides after a time of rest, there is an enormous need for treatment of this malady. The various types of treatment for lumbar disc herniations include a more conservative method of rest, physical therapy, and anti-inflammatory or non-steroidal drugs. A more extreme condition would require surgery to try to alleviate the symptoms. The older, more traditional surgery is a posterior laminotomy, however, newer less invasive microscopic and endoscopic surgeries been implemented to increase success and recovery time as well. Although most of these operations are performed on the posterior, anterior surgeries are also performed, depending upon the nature of the injury. While these surgeries partially remove disc material affecting the spinal cord, another type of surgery is used to remove the disc entirely and replace it with prosthetics. Still, there are alternative treatments including chiropractic care, acupuncture, and physical therapy that are increasing in popularity. Due to the sensitivity and vulnerability of the spinal cord, the diagnosis and treatments have a moderate risk of failure, and force a patient to explore numerous options to relieve pain.
Introduction
The vertebral column is composed of seven cervical, twelve thoracic, five lumbar, five sacral, and four coccygeal vertebrae. The lumbar vertebrae are numbered from one through five starting with the highest vertebrae, and preceded by the letter L. (i.e. the lowest vertebral body will be represented as L-5) Between the vertebrae of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions are invertebral discs that serve as shock absorbers that allow the everyday movements of the spine. Discs themselves are represented by naming both of their adjacent vertebral bodies (i.e. a lumbar disc is can be identified as L-4 L-5 or L-4,5). The discs are made up of an outer ring of more dense material called the annulus fibrosus. The annulus fibrosus helps to contain the inner gelatinous material called the nucleus pulposes. Upon a stressful movement of the spine, the nucleus pulposes may rupture through the annulus fibrosus posteriorly toward the spi...
... middle of paper ...
... Surgery. Prevention. v49 p37-38, 1997
Gadsby, JG: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Chronic Low back Pain. Cochrane Review Abstracts. December 1997
Hatori, Masahito: Clinical use of Etoldac for Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation. Current Medical Research and Opinion. v15: p193-201, 1999
Ketter, Annette et Al: Stabilizing Effect of Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Cages Before and After Cyclic Loading. Neurosurgical Focus v14:p43-56, 1998
Molz, Fred: Effects of Kyphosis and Lordosis on the Remaining Lumbar Vertebral Levels Within a Thoracolumbar Fusion. Journal of Southern Orthopaedic Association. v26: p60-68, 1999
Samudrala ,Srinath: Complications During Anterior Surgery of the Lumbar Spine. Neurosurgical Focus. v7: p6-18. 1999
Shanahan, Donal: Anatomical Review of the Lumbar Spine. The Lancet. v348: p38-40, 1997
Traynellis, Robert: Epidural Injections for Sciatica. Neurosurgical Focus. v17: p26, a997
White,A et Al: Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine. JB Lippincott Co. August 1997
Wittenberg, RH: The Correlation Between Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Clinical Findings After Lumbar Microdiscectomy. Int Orthopaedics v22: p241-244, 1998
Availability of nerve block therapy, chiropractic treatment and high dose of pain medicine which will promote numbness, reduce sciatic nerve pain, minimize fatigue and decrease pain sensation. Similarly, implanted pain pumps which delivers a medicine directly to the spinal cord and symptoms can be controlled by smaller dose than needed dose with oral medication.
The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, portrays Holden Cawfield a New York City teenager in the 1950's as a manic-depressive. Holden's depression starts with the death of his brother, Allie . Holden is expelled from numerous schools due to his poor academics which are brought on by his depression. Manic depression, compulsive lying, and immaturity throughout the novel characterize Holden.
Our results provide the first demonstration that GABAA but not GABA B receptor–selective agonists reverse the thermal hyperalgesia produced by spinal cord injury. In parallel, we demonstrate that in spinal cord injury similar to peripheral nerve injury, GABAA and GABAB receptor agonists reduce cold and tactile allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia. In addition, our studies used a sensitive, reproducible test of motor function to compare the antiallodynic, antihyperalgesic, and motor effects of GABA receptor agonists. The data suggest that GABAA agonists may be efficacious in the treatment of neuropathic pain with thermal hyperalgesia without sensory or motor side effects.
Each year in the United States depression affects over 17 million people of all ages, races, and economic backgrounds. One in every eight teens are affected by depression (“Understanding Depression”). Depression can be defined as a mental illness where the person affected feels very sad and melancholy. Most people have passed through a stage or a short period of time where they have felt downhearted. In The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield, a 16-year old boy, can be viewed as insane in the eyes of many readers because of his behavior and actions. Despite this common belief, Holden most likely suffered from depression. Some symptoms which convey Holden was depressed was his mood, lack of sleep, and his suicidal thoughts.
Holden experiences loneliness and the fear of change throughout the novel, where they both stop him from moving forward and they co-exist in his personal experiences. The fear of the change stops Holden from moving forward in ways that deal with when he was younger and his parents, for he does not want to move on from his childhood and have his parents change him. While Holden is stopped from moving forward by loneliness, because he refuses to let more people into his life and learn more about him. Though the fear of change and loneliness both create a unique pattern in Holden’s life where there are times when he does not want to be lonely, but because of his fear of change, he refuses to open up to others. Everyone deals with change and loneliness on a daily basis, even Holden.
Journal of chiropractic medicine. Volume 11, Issue 1:58-63. Papa J. 2012. The. Conservative management of lumbar compression fracture in an osteoporotic patient: a case report.
If lymphatic cancer is found treatment is required immediately to get rid of the cancer cells as soon as possible so damage as is not done to normal cells.
Each year in the United States depression affects over 17 million people of all ages, races, and economic backgrounds. One in every eight teens are affected by depression (“Understanding Depression”). Depression can be defined as a mental illness where the person affected feels very sad and melancholy. Most people have passed through a stage or a short period of time where they have felt downhearted. In The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield, a 16-year old boy, can be viewed as insane in the eyes of many readers because of his behavior and actions. Despite this common belief, Holden most likely suffered from depression. Some symptoms which convey Holden was depressed was his mood, lack of sleep, and his suicidal
According to Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary (2013), Hodgkin’s lymphoma is “a malignant lymphoma whose pathological hallmark is the Reed-Sternberg (RS) cell. This lymphoma typically begins in a single lymph node (esp. in the neck, axilla, groin, or near the aorta) and spreads to adjacent nodes if it is not recognized and treated early.” (p. 1136). Hodgkin’s lymphoma was first discovered in 1832 by Tom Hodgkins, who first noticed the hallmark deformities in the lymph system. Hodgkin’s lymphoma is most prevalent in Caucasians, young adults (ages 15-30), and the elderly (ages 50 and up) (Roddle, Peggs, 2009, p. 208). Although the cause of the disease has yet to be discovered, it has been “associated with the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infection in 40-50% of cases” (Roddle, Peggs, 2009, p. 208).
Harvey Simon, MD, and David Zieve, MD (2012, May 3). Back Pain and Sciatica. Retrieved
Holden Caulfield conveys his melancholy, sarcasm, and seclusion greatly through his dialogue; his vocabulary constantly consists of depression and loneliness. He expresses such agony all throughout the dialogue of the book. An example of this would be when Holden quotes, “When I finally got down off the radiator and went out to the hat-check room, I was crying and all. I don’t know why, but I was. I guess it was because I was feeling so damn depressed and lonesome” (153). In this quote, Holden is expressing his confusion and unhappiness but mostly is just confused to why he is unhappy. He feels a severe amount of misery that devours him, all of which is shown greatly in all of his dialogue. He, at one point in the novel, feels like committing suicide because he cannot handle the pressure. He says that “I stayed in the bathroom for about an hour, taking a bath and all. Then I got back in bed. It took me quite a while to get to sleep- I...
Herniate discs are very common and become more common with age. However, not all herniated discs will cause symptoms. Research shows that 30% of 20-year-old’s have disc herniation with no back pain as well as 84% of 80-year
The civil rights movement in the North gets little attention, and the attention that they did get was only in the framework of Martin Luther King Jr.’s many struggles in Chicago. The electoral gains that came later in the 70s and 80s were basically ignored, or not handled with as much care, in the same manner. And of course, the amount in which racism has overcome is an issue that is still currently up for a controversial debate.
There are two types of lymphoma, Hodgkin disease and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and even though they are different they both begin the same way. Like other cancers, lymphoma results when cells divide too quickly or do not die because of a discrepancy in their genes. The cells that are affected in this type of cancer are white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes make up around 20 to 40 percent of all white blood cells, and are divided into two categories, B or T. Both types help support the immune system by destroying infectious or foreign substances, but B lymphocytes make antibodies to fight these substances while T lymphocytes directly attack the unwanted substances. These cells work in the lymph system which is a part of the immune system. The main jobs of the lymph system are to protect the body from unwanted substances and to transport waste. The system includes many vital organs such as lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, thymus, and the digestive tract. When lymphocytes become cancerous they collect in the lymph nodes therefore blocking the passage of waste and other white blood cells while also using the nodes as a system to travel and spread to other parts of body. These cancerous cells do not die and become a burden for the body because they can no longer fulfill their ...
Weiner, S.S. & Nordin, M. (2010). Prevention and management of chronic back pain. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology, 24, 267-279. http://dx.doi:10.1016/j.berh.2009.12.001