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Portrayal women as obstacles in Buddhism
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The second segment of the chapter discussed the divine law, gender roles, daily living, the paths to enlightenment, the religious life, and death. What I found interesting was the discussion on how women were portrayed in Buddhist scriptures. Like most sacred texts, there are contradictory statements about the nature of women and their role in society within the Buddhist scriptures. The ancient texts often depict women as " seductresses who, because of their carnal sensual nature, are a threat to the spiritual welfare of men" (Bilhartz, 2006, p. 238). For example, in the parable found in Itivuttaka, it is evident that women are viewed as obstacles in the spiritual welfare of men. The parable is about a man who is being carried away by a river to whirlpools with monsters and demons. According to the …show more content…
In the Sutra Nipata, Gautama and Punnaka have a discussion about preparing sacrificial gifts for the gods. According to Gautama, people prepared sacrifices to gods to satisfy their own desires, and therefore are unable to reach enlightenment because they are "infatuated by their passion for existence" (Bilhartz, 2006, p.251). He continues to explain that one must be without desires and free from the cares of the world to cross beyond the cycle of birth and decay. Gautama does not put any importance in sacrifices to reach enlightenment. The story of Gautama's past life also discourages preparing sacrifices. The story is about a brahmin who was killed and reborn 500 times as a sacrificial goat as a penalty for sacrificing a goat for the Feast for the Dead. Gautama admonished the people not to perform animal sacrifices for the penalty is a miserable rebirth (Bilhartz, 2006, p. 253). I found it interesting how this differ from the Hindus who pay respect to their deities with some form of offering in order to achieve infinite
In the novel, Under the Feet of Jesus, (Viramontes) I have focused on the female gender role that Estrella and both Cleofilas face in different situations of their life in relation to labor. Estrella, is one of the main characters that I’m writing about. She learns quickly what hard labor really is. She learns at an early age of thirteen what female and male gender roles consist of. She works inside of her family’s homes by washing the dishes, looking after the children and then working out in the hot fields picking grapes for her and family to survive.
The excerpt being reviewed in this paper is the story of An Lingshou whose “secular surname was Xu” (Shi 307). She is an upper class woman who “was intelligent and fond of studies” and “took no pleasure in worldly affairs” (Shi 307). She is devoutly Buddhist and doesn’t want to be married, but her father Xu Chong disagrees, accusing her of being “unfilial” (Shi 307). She responds that her “mind is concentrated on the work of religion” and questions why she must “submit three times before [she is] considered a woman of propriety” (Shi 307). Her father thinks this is selfish and goes to see a “Buddhist magician monk” who tells him to “keep a vegetarian fast and after three days . . . come back” (Shi 307). Xu Chong does so and the monk “spread Xu Chong’s palm with the oil of sesame seed ground together with safflower” and has him read what’s there (Shi 307). He sees “a person who resembled his daughter” as Buddhist preaching to a large group. The monk tells him that it “is a former incarnation of” his daughter who left her house to help the world at large and that “she indeed shall raise her family to glory” and help them find Nirvana (Shi 307). Lingshou is allowed to become a nun and “cut off her hair, discarded secular ornaments, and received the rules of monastic life from” the monk who spoke to her father and another famous nun (Shi 308). Lingshou goes on to be a famously great nun who “built five or six monastic retreats” and her family goes on to be honored and promoted (Shi
Yu, Han. “Memorial on Buddhism”. Making of the Modern World 12: Classical & Medieval Tradition. Trans. Richard F. Burton. Ed. Janet Smarr. La Jolla: University Readers, 2012. 111-112. Print.
In the patriarchal, Confucian influenced, Han dynasty, a woman’s role and social status was far from equal to that of a man. In Ban Zhao’s work Lessons for a woman she depicted the role of a woman, as a lower-class member of society. Hidden beneath the stereotypes of what a woman was supposed to be, Ban Zhao was a rarity of her time as she excelled as a historian and teacher.
The Apostle Paul, urged wives to obey their husbands and husband to respect their wives. This sums up the traditional idea of the family throughout Jewish history as pictured in the Bible. The man was the head of the house, however both man and woman worked together for the benefit of the family. In Ancient Israel, it was the parents who used to find a suitable match for their daughters’. One the suitable match is found, the bride’s family gives the daughter to the groom’s family and in return they were given a gift – a dowry. A married couple was an economic partnership, that is, if the man ended up penniless, his wife would be sold in slavery along with him. The wife’s first duty in the family was to give birth. A boy would’ve been preferred in order to continue her husband’s name. Children were taught by their mothers’ the required technical skills needed to participate in and eventually take over the productive and processing tasks of the family household. If a wife couldn’t conceive, she would give the family’s slave to her husband and any offspring would give the wife the ...
the daily lives of women, and the media. Looking at 1 Timothy 2:11-12, we see
The belief systems of Confucianism and Buddhism share compelling commonalities such as the very factors upon which they were founded, as well as many of the obligations and requirements for followers of the philosophy of Confucianism and the Buddhist religion. Nonetheless, Confucianism and Buddhism diverge greatly when it comes to women’s rights and gender roles.
3. Dan A. Chekki also told that, “Divinity resides in families in which the women are respected; where they are not, there is ruin.” (Dan A. Chekki, page 75)
...his effect can ruin the respect of a woman from men. A big role in gender inequality is that woman are manipulated to believe men are gods, which they are not. The impact that men are considered as gods only devalues the life of a woman. Even as death approaches, the obedience that the woman have is extraordinary. They show their true loyalty to men. Although some men torment women mentally, the woman is obligated to be loyal. This only makes women suffer even though it is the fault of men. The contents of this book show the reality that was in the past. As humans develop their intelligence, the equality, identity and loyalty to a woman should be equal to men. The woman has great power in society since behind every great man is an even greater woman.
John Milton’s Paradise Lost illustrates clear gender roles between men and women focusing primarily on the first man and woman: Adam and Eve. Throughout the epic poem the roles that women play are clearly subordinate to that of men. The theme that women are inferior to men is most easily recognized when observing that Eve is made from Adam, Eve is under Adam’s rule and authority, and Eve is the one who is punished and viewed as the first “sinner.”
“In Tantric Buddhism, we are dealing with a misogynist, destructive, masculine philosophy and religion which is hostile to life – i.e. the precise opposite of that for which it is trustingly and magnanimously welcomed in the figure of the Dalai Lama.”[1] Within Tibetan Buddhism, there is an inherent contradiction regarding the status of women. Although in many aspects women are seen and treated as inferior to men, several of the ancient and fundamental values of Tibetan Buddhism, and more specifically Tantric Buddhism, emphasize equality of the sexes, universal compassion, and most importantly the significant and essential role of the woman. Tibetan Buddhist nuns have been trying to correct this contradiction for years to remove the inferior and degrading stereotype that defines them and to be seen as equal to men. Beginning with the emergence of Tibetan Buddhism from India until today, the status of women, both physically and symbolically has declined due to the patriarchal system adopted by Tibet. “The mystery of Tantric Buddhism consists in the sacrifice of the feminine principle and the manipulation of erotic love in order to attain universal androcentric power.”[2] In their patriarchal society, the symbol of the woman is used by men now as an instrument; manipulated by men in order to acquire control and power.
Women were often subjects of intense focus in ancient literary works. In Sarah Pomeroy’s introduction of her text Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves, she writes, “Women pervade nearly every genre of classical literature, yet often the bias of the author distorts the information” (x). It is evident in literature that the social roles of women were more restricted than the roles of men. And since the majority of early literature was written by men, misogyny tends to taint much of it. The female characters are usually given negative traits of deception, temptation, selfishness, and seduction. Women were controlled, contained, and exploited. In early literature, women are seen as objects of possession, forces deadly to men, cunning, passive, shameful, and often less honorable than men. Literature reflects the societal beliefs and attitudes of an era and the consistency of these beliefs and attitudes toward women and the roles women play has endured through the centuries in literature. Women begin at a disadvantage according to these societal definitions. In a world run by competing men, women were viewed as property—prizes of contests, booty of battle and the more power men had over these possessions the more prestigious the man. When reading ancient literature one finds that women are often not only prizes, but they were responsible for luring or seducing men into damnation by using their feminine traits.
There, in almost all the stories in this chapter, is a strong focus on what the woman has done for a male ruler, husband, or relative. Following traditional Confuciean ideas “women’s roles were primarily kinship roles: daughter, sister, wife, daughter-in-law, mother, and mother-in-law,” (Ebrey, Women in Traditional China) you can see this reflected in the fact that each of the stories starts out by saying who the woman was related or married
misunderstood. The position of women is not nearly as lowly as many people see it; the position
The role of women in The Heart of Darkness is at first seen as one that is very much a backseat role to that of a man’s in the empirical