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Risk factors for zoonotic diseases
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Zoonosis are infectious diseases that have been transmitted between animals and humans or in its advanced stage from human to human. It also can be transmitted from human to animal, when that happens it is called reverse zoonosis Emerging zoonosis are infectious diseases that are newly recognized or newly evolved while re-emergence zoonosis have occurred previously but have more recently shown an increase in incidence or expansion into a new geographic, host or vector range. The concept of ‘emerging diseases’ developed as health scientists documented and tried to explain the apparent abrupt rise in the number of new and important infectious diseases over the past two decades (Bengis et al., 2004). Zoonosis can be transmitted in different ways: 1)Viral, where some of the most known are: HIV, Ebola virus, Hantavirus, Rabies, Hendra virus, Nipah virus, Menangle virus infection, West Nile virus infection, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Avian influenza and Monkeypoxvirus infection. 2) Bacterial: Lyme borreliosis, Ehrlichiosis, Bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis), Brucella, Tularemia, Plague and Leptospirosis. 3) Parasite: Cysticercosis/Taeniasis, Rematodosis, Echinococcosis/Hydatidosis, Toxoplasmosis and Trichinellosis. 4) Dermatophytoses and Sporotrichosis
Zoonosis has been an unknown threat to human kind since the ancient times when sanitation was not a concern, and the consumption of bushmeat was largely spread. Zoonosis infection diseases started to become a real problem in society when agriculture started. People used to live in small groups and rarely have contact with different tribes. It all changed when planting crops at one site started, people started to crowd in small towns that rapidly became cities. Once a popu...
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...vel disease agent (Bengis et al., 2004). Exotic Pet Trade; livestock Transport (Greger, 2007).
Although there are four forms of zoonosis, two of them are much more spread out and available for contraction. The first one is viral, since transmission through air is much more rapid and fast. Zoonotic viral infection can become a real problem if well established in the area and even worse if adapted for human to human transmission. That being said, it might become an endemic problem in some regions or populations if not treated. And if not properly controlled it might turn into a pandemic situation spreading throughout the whole country and nearby counties or even worldwide. The second one is bacteria, which does not spread as rapidly as viral but still have a significant impact on the animal and human populations. It can cause foodborne and waterborne contaminations.
This extremely pathogenic zoonotic virus is now understood to travel from bat species, to equine intermediate hosts, to humans.[8, 10] The Hendra virus is listed as a Bio-Safety Level (BSL)-4, and can only be studied at a few adequately equipped laboratories worldwide due to its virulence.[1, 2] Case fatality rates
There were “regulations against people washing clothes in or near waters used for drink, or against washing the entrails of beasts after slaughter”(Rowse 156). “…it is evident from innumerable documents how frequently they were broken” (Rowse 156). As long as people lived in small groups, isolated from each other, there were not many incidents of widespread disease. But as civilization progressed, people began clustering into cities. As the cities grew and became crowded, they also became the nesting places of water-borne, insect-borne, and skin-to-skin infectious diseases.
Have you ever seen an animal sitting in a cage all alone with nothing to do. Well, zoos are trying to change that fact. They will allow the animals to live in an environment that is like their home. Many people don't realize this, but zoo are keeping and breeding these animals because they would not survive in the wild alone. In the three passages, ¨The Stripes Will Survive,¨ ¨The Zood Go Wild from No More Dodos,¨ ¨Our Beautiful Macaws and Why They Need Enrichment.¨ All of these articles present one claim, that is that the role of zoos is no longer to keep animal, but to protect them.
Peoples Trust article “Zoos & Conservation” touched surface solely on zoos located in Britain. What about the rest of the world? Luckily there is a group called the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) that inspects zoos and aquariums making sure that they are fit for conservation. For instance, the Giza Zoo In Cairo was shut down for killing two gorillas that may have been infected with disease and for extra pay putting visitors in danger so they could pet any animal they requested. Now if one of these animals were to attack a visitor then they would put down the animal in which is just doing what its instincts tell them.
Exotic animals carry diseases and infections that can be potentially harmful or fatal to humans, jeopardizing the safety of the community. These diseases range in severity from common ringworm infections from African pygmy hedgehogs to lyssaviruses in p...
is spread to humans by fleas from infected rodents. In the 1300s, fourth of the population
The “plague” is known as the “Yersinia pestis” bacteria, which is a rare zoonotic disease. These diseases are spread from animal to human (Newquist 239, Adamloakun M.D. 718). The bacterium lives in rodents such as rats and is carried by fleas (Newquist 238). When the fleas bite humans, the bacterium spreads.
Disease were widely spread through human and animal contact. During the hunting and gathering era, humans had little contact with animals because the only contact ,they had with animal was capturing and
In fact, zoos take all necessary precautions to make sure that the animals and the attendees are all safe in the captivity of the zoo. As a matter of fact, trainers always have experience in the field that they will be working in so that no one, including themselves, gets hurt. The enclosures are very well protected and sealed to make sure that no animals escape and no humans get inside to be hurt by the animals or to hurt the animal. Of course, there are also security cameras to make sure that all humans are safe where they are and no one in the near future will be hurt. In addition,
The human population has a high susceptibility to the contraction of new diseases and outbreaks of these diseases are of high risk. Diseases in recent times that have broken out into the human population are the H7N9 flu strain and SARS. Despite the risk, outbreaks like H7N9 and SARS have been controlled due to epidemiology and other disease control methods. Outbreaks of disease are not uncommon to the human population as they move to new areas around the world with foreign diseases that the native residents would have developed a resistance to.
"How Zoos Are Saving Our Animals." – Features – ABC Environment (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). N.p., n.d. Web. 03 May 2015.
Wear gloves and proper cloths if handling the infected animals to prevent the direct contact.
Zoonosis is a Greek word. ("Zoonosis." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, 12 May 2010. Web.) Zoonosis directly translates as animal disease. Zoon means animal. Noson means disease. ("Zoonosis." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, 12 May 2010. Web.) Zoonotic diseases are diseases or infections that are transmitted from (vertebrate) animals and to humans. Zoonotic diseases are often compared to epidemics but epidemics an infectious disease in a community during a particular time. The life span of disease depends on its ability to survive in a human population for long periods of time. The life span can be further extended if the disease causing agent c...
Zoos are public parks that claim to display animals for the purpose of education and procreation of endangered species; but in reality Zoos area actually doing more harm than good. Animals that live in zoos are more likely to suffer from illness or injury as opposed to those who live in the wild, and they also have shorter lifespans.
The occurrence of infectious disease and epidemics has speckled the history of humanity since the first civilization established itself. Considering that a large population can help to foster infectious diseases, and humans share almost 300 communicable agents with animals, the outbreak of epidemics is inextricably intertwined with revol...