1. Describe the types of diversion programs currently used: The Pretrial diversion gives the criminal an opportunity to participate in programs that will help them avoid criminal activity while their criminal process is diverted. On the other hand, Treatment Alternatives to Street Crimes (TASC) targets offenders that are involved with drugs. The reason they targeted these individuals or this specific group is due to the fact that they believed their criminal activity might have been a result of the use of drugs
2. List five purposes of the presentence investigation: 1) For use in sentencing by the court. 2) For use in determining supervision needs during probation. 3) For use by prison officials in classifying offenders and determining program needs. 4) For use by the parole board in making release decisions. 5) For research purposes.
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Differentiate between concurrent and consecutive sentences: Concurrent sentences run at the same time while consecutive sentences run one after the other. In other words, concurrent sentences have all the counts processed at the same time, while consecutive sentences have the offender complete each sentence individually in order for the next count to be processed.
4. What role did John Howard play in the early development of jail? After inspecting local jails and becoming surprised by the lack of medical care, discipline, sanitation he decided to visit prisons located in Europe. This then led to the draft: Penitentiary Act of 1779. The act included requirements such as uniforms, diets, and the hygiene of the prisoners. This act influenced the creation of early jails and their basic
The first inmate to enter Kingston Penitentiary was Mathew Tavender who was sentenced to serve three years for grand larceny. He was placed in cell number four and was put two work as a stonecutter two days later. He was whipped on August 30, 1835 which was three months after his arrival, along with inmate number two, John Hamilton.
...es and cautions of jail diversion programs include safety of the public and the potential cross-purpose goals of the treatment services industry and the criminal justice system. Public safety is paramount when discussing jail diversion programs. Whatever has caused the offender to commit crime, be it substance abuse or a mental illness, does not negate the fact that the crime was committed and the public must be protected from the offender is some form or fashion. Jail diversion programs have various tracking methods of offenders but they do provide enough freedom and opportunity for recidivism. Also, treatment services and incarceration do often work at cross purposes and unless integrated successfully can cause barriers to coordination and solutions (SAMHSA, 1993). One organization emphasizes treatment and the other emphasizes public safety and punishment.
I wanted to look at the investigative and criminal procedures following the arrest of an alleged criminal and the powerful effects via testimonies and evidence (or lack thereof) it can have on a case.There is an importance of the courts in regards to crime that can’t be over looked. The primary function of the criminal justice system is to uphold the established laws, which define what we understand as deviant in this society.
Interviewing can occur in a formal format, such as in a police station, but can also be as simple as a conversation between two, or more, individuals (Holmgren, 2017, p. 12). The purpose of interviewing can vary depending on the situation, but a variety of factors, such as verbal cues, non-verbal cues, and the environment, are all influential parts of the interview (p. 2-5). Interviewing is a crucial part to part of the justice system because it builds a relationship between the participants in a case and can have a impact on the information available in a case (p. 12).
The major goal of the Australian prison at the beginning of the 20th century was the removal of lawbreakers from their activities in society (King, 2001). The Australian legal system relies on deterrence (Carl et al, 2011, p. 119), that is, a system that has two key assumptions: (i) specific punishments imposed on offenders will ‘deter’ or prevent them from committing further crimes (ii) the fear of punishment will prevent others from committing similar crimes (Carl et al, 2011, p. 119). However it is not always the case that deterrence is successful as people commit crime without concern for punishment, thinking that they will get away with the crime committed (Jacob, 2011). Economists argue that crime is a result of individuals making choices
In the New York Times article, “Safety and Justice Complement Each Other,” by Glenn E. Martin, the author informs, “The Vera Institute for Justice found a 36 percent recidivism rate for individuals who had completed alternative drug programs in New York City, compared with 54 sentenced to prison, jail, probation or time served.” Alternative programs are more likely to inhibit future criminal acts, while incarceration seems to lack long-lasting effects on individuals. In continuance, the author adds that 3 percent of treatment participants were rearrested for violent crimes, while 6 percent of untreated criminals were rearrested for violent crimes. Diversion programs are able to treat one’s motivation for their criminal acts, rather than assuming that illegal habits will go away with time. Instead of sending nonviolent offenders to jail, legislators should consider introducing practical
John Howard wasnted a sanitary facility for inmates and a reformed regimen where he created the Penitentiary Act of 1779 to provide a more secure prison for inmates. There are many prisons that do not keep their prisoners under good sanitary cells and many get ill and can lead to deaths. For example, in the Shawshank Redemption, prisoners were given food that had maggots and was very unsanitary for the prisoners to eat the food. Also, when prisoners were put into the hole, they were not able to bathe for the period they would be inside the hole. For example, when Andy was put into isolation for one month, he was not able to bathe or change his clothes into clean clothes and would only be given food and have no human contact. Inmates were treated inhumanely, where the Penitentiary Act of 1779, was not followed and did not provide a secure and sanitary prison for the inmates. This act was also focused on inmate reform, but the Shawshank Redemption prison did not provide any reforms for the inmates. For example, when Red is going to be released he is asked if he is rehabilitated and ready to go back into society and he says if they mean if he feels regret about the crime he committed, he says he does feels regret for what he did, but that he is not rehabilitated at all, he says that is a made up word by politicians, but does not apply to prisoners. The Shawshank Redemption did not provide secure or sanitary conditions for prisoners and the Penitentiary Act of 1779 did apply in the
Schmalleger, Frank, Criminal Justice A Brief Introduction, Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson Education Inc. , 2010, Page 387
In the early years going to prison for a crime was not common. When people committed crimes, they were punished by corporal punishment, forced labor, social ostracism, and many far worse punishments. People began using imprisonment as a form of punishment after the American Revolution. In England these practice of imprisonment been taking place since the 1500s in the form of dungeons and other detention facilities. Prisons were one of the first buildings introduced in the New World. In early America prisons were not looked at like prisons are today, most crimes where punished on the spot and the person released. Most of the people that had long term sentences were people that owed debt. Other type of punishments that was used was fines, public shame, physical chastisement, and death. Misdemeanors were punishable by fines, just like some are today. The United States prison building efforts went through three waves. First the Jacksonian Era, which led to the increase use of imprisonment and rehabilitive labor as punishment for their crimes in almost all states by the time of the American Civil War. Second was the Progressive Era, which was after the civil war. The Progressive Era brought in the usage of parole, probation, and indeterminate sentencing. Third was in the early 1970s, by this time the number in prisons had increased five times.
Samuel Johnson strategies his argument on debtors’ prisons by using examples of how the debtors are pitied then forgotten, prison gives trouble to two or more people that need them, and the description of how they live.
Each year more offenders are sentenced to probation than to any other sanction in the criminal justice system. There are more offenders on probation than in prisons and jails combined. The reasons for the increasing use of probation are clear enough: probation can be provided at more than five times less cost than jail and nearly 19 times less cost than state prison. Probation can offer a cost-effective
This chapter examines the juvenile justice diversion as an alternative to formal adjudication of juvenile justice and the placement of children, particularly residential placement. Juvenile Diversion is based on the premise that youth exposure to justice may be more harmful than beneficial (Shelden, 1999).
Rehabilitation is there to prevent future crime by bringing changes within a offender and hopefully make then less likely to reoffend. There have been many different programs that have been used from back then until now that has been developed to bring about changes in education, job training, and recreation. The challenge of corrections was to keep offenders in the community and re-integrate them back into the community. One approach to rehabilitation is the re-integrative philosophy, which is aimed at returning offenders to the community as soon as possible. The idea that every effort should be made to return offenders to the community as “law-abiding-citizens” was developed. In order to do so, rehabilitation of offenders and change towards the community was important. Until the mid 1970’s, rehabilitation was a key part of U.S. prison policy. Prisoners were encouraged to develop job skills and resolve any psychological issues that they may have which can cause them to have issues with re-integration into society (Benson, 2003). Currently, rehabilitation is highly encouraged. There are treat programs available to help someone get on the right track. There is now the twelve-step programs, professional group treatments, individual or group therapy, and cognitive
Steurer, S. J., Linton, J., Nally, J., & Lockwood, S. (2010). The top-nine reasons to increase correctional education programs. Corrections Today, 72(4), 40-43. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/746496632?accountid=38223
Constructing a set of guidelines on managing the preliminary investigation for a criminal case is very important as it gives a baseline for officers to follow to help prevent errors in the investigation. According to Hess and Orthmann (2010), “The initial response is crucial to the success of an investigation. Although it is popularly believed that cases are won or lost in court, more cases actually are lost during the first hour of an investigation … than in court” (p. 14). After containing the incident, officers upon arrive will begin examining the scene by taking photographs, sketches or videos. After the scene has been recorded visually, officers will search for evidence, and then collect it for examination and processing while documenting what has been found during the search for clues. The victims, suspects, and any witnesses will be questioned. Officers will canvas neighborhoods to locate any witnesses that may not have been on the scene. All information provided by witnesses and observed by officers will also be noted and recorded.