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Social factors causing criminal behavior
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Social factors causing criminal behavior
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In Chapters six and seven of Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives by John Laub and Robert Sampson, the lives of numerous men are shared and analyzed. The authors use life history interviews as well as crime history to help explain their theory. They interviewed these men various times throughout their lives, from a very young age up until age seventy. In Chapter six, Laub and Sampson mention the lives of a few men who have turned to desistance, or stopping, in committing crime. There were two subgroups, “nonviolent desisters” and “violent desisters”. These men had tough upbringings, living in deteriorated homes in Boston. Their parents were not supportive and showed little interest in parenting. Throughout the chapter, the men mentioned various turning points that occurred in their lives in which turned them to becoming desistant to crime. The Glueck’s analyzed and interviewed three men. Leon, Henry, and Bruno were the men. Leon’s turning point for his desistance was his marriage. Henry’s turning point stemmed from his decision to enlist in the Marine Corps when he was eighteen. And for Bruno, he said that his turning point was attending The Lyman School for Boys. While the men stressed one specific turning point for them, all three mentioned how all three factors (marriage, the military, as …show more content…
Sutherland’s theory suggests that people learn to commit crime and deviant behaviors from others. His theory is similar to what is mentioned in the book. An example of this would be how Billy’s friends, who most of them were much older than he, would take him out on Saturdays to Dorchester and they would teach him “the art of snatching items” from convenience stores (155) Laub and Sampson agree with this theory of learning by association. It is important to see the correlation between peers and self and the values they share. Rather than be independent, the “learning offender” adopts the values of his
... create much room for improvement. In an effort to better understand desistance and persistence throughout the life-course, Laub and Sampson’s work is a decent starting point. More research is needed regarding the marriage effect, emotion, cognitive transformations, minorities, and women to better explain crime over the life-course.
Differential association theory best explains the burglary deviance. There are many principles associated with this type of learning theory. Edwin Sutherland’s theory discusses how crime is a learned behavior where one’s family, peers, and environment are of great influence. Differential association theory seeks to prove that criminal behavior is learned and this paper will evaluate the connection between the two.
In addition to this overview Sutherland outlines nine specific factors which may enhance one’s ability to learn the criminal behaviors but for the purposes of this paper, three of the nine will be analyzed closely;
Edwin Sutherland’s differential association theory has influenced criminology in many ways by offering an explanation of deviant behavior that is unlawful. However, there are some critics who argue his theory, nevertheless, it is still being used today. Within this research paper, a study of his work was performed utilizing peer and scholarly reviewed reference material. The findings will demonstrate how your environment and the choices you make influence behavior and how behavior is learned according to Edwin Sutherland’s theory. In addition, the arguments of the theory will be addressed. Furthermore, issues that require future examination are explored as well as programs that can be implemented for troubled individuals to deter crime in relation to differential association based on Edwin Sutherland’s theory.
Laub, J, & Sampson, R. (2003). Shared beginnings, divergent lives: delinquent boys to age 70. The President and Fellows of Harvard College.
This direct relationship Fagan has with individuals affected by a broken family allow for him to have a better understanding of the causal factors that create criminals. Fagan’s deep understanding comes with the advantage that he is able to write an article that is easy to follow. He offers his arguments as “summarized in five basic stages” (Fagan). Which create distinct segments that isolate each section leading up to creating a violent criminal. By formatting his essay in such a manner, Fagan entices readers to continue to read as a simplistic approach often offers stronger arguments as they are clearly laid out rather than hidden by a complex format or excessive use of difficult
This theory assumes that “individuals generally decide on their behavior on the basis of opportunities, costs, and benefits” (Seddig, 2015, p. 3). After analyzing the interview, the 25-year-old man depicts weak bonds with school and with his father, which essentially are the main pillars for this theory. When an adolescent is not doing well academically, their chances of being involved in delinquent behavior increase. Travis Hirshi argued that people were kept in check by their social bonds or attachments to society. For example, if an adolescent does not have interest in going to school or learning, the most probable outcome is for the dropout rates to increase. These individuals lack commitment in pursuing an education, a promising job and refuse to be involved in sports or religious activities. Being committed and involved “constitutes a temporal boundary for delinquent involvement, because it simply limits the opportunities to commit delinquent acts” (Seddig, 2015, p. 3). With time, as social bonds weaken, interest in conventional values decrease. It can be assumed that because of this, he chose to get a fake I.D. at the age of 14 to start working in order to support his delinquent activities. He had a greater interest in money rather than on an education. Clearly, he was detached from an educational experience, which could be a
However, three of these propositions can be used to explain the theory. This theory proposes that criminal behavior is learned through associations with others in society. The first important proposition is that criminal behavior is learned. This is ultimately the biggest proposition of this theory as criminal behavior is learned but more importantly it is learned through other people. We do not just inherit criminal behavior but rather learn it through our associations with other people in society. The second important proposition is that “The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable” (Sutherland 1992). This lines with the idea that if someone sees the law as something to break then you are more likely to follow those actions. If an individual exposes himself to criminal associations as opposed to those who do not commit delinquent acts, then they are more likely to become delinquent. The third important proposition has to do with exposure. This means that the more frequently one is exposed to criminal acts, the more likely they are to exhibit these traits. This also ties into how early they are exposed to these criminal acts. If one demonstrates criminal behavior at an early age, then those behaviors are more likely to follow as they grow up. These three propositions, in my mind, are
Bartol, C. R. (2002). Criminal behavior: A psychosocial approach. (6 ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Sutherland had 9 points to his theory. The biggest one: criminal behavior is a learned behavior. All of the points revolve around this big one. The behavior is learned by having interactions with other people. This can be with anyone that is close with the person. And when you learn the behavior you also learn the techniques, motives, attitudes and the rationalization of the crime. The last part is one of the biggest. People are more apt to commit the crime if it is rationalized. This theory might also vary from person for the duration, frequency and intensity of the behavior. (Differential Association
Magnusson (1988) and Brofenbrenner (1979) state that social environment in which a person is embedded is essential in the study of their behavior. The theoretical framework of developmental and life course theories of crime allow for the addition of the dynamic element of time and places an emphasis on the longitudinal processes of how the interaction between the individual and his or her social environments constrain and influence behavior.
The learning theory was described by Tarde as “something learned by normal people as they adapted to other people and the conditions of their environment” (Bohm & Haley, 73) this was set to be called imitation. But, further studies of this theory by Sutherland developed that “persons become criminal do so because of contacts with criminal definitions and isolation from anti-criminal definitions” (Bohm & Haley, 73). In other words, crimes varied in how the community was structured. Advancements to the theory followed and divided the learning theory into four sections positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction and punishment. The idea of positive reinforcement meant that people did something for the reward such as stealing. The negative reinforcement is something that takes away and increases response, such as drug addicts to relieve pain. Further research of the theory led to criminals can experience extinction which is “behavior that previously was positively reinforced is no longer reinforced” and punishment which is “aversive stimulus to reduce a response”. These ideas emerged and advanced the learning theory. The learning theory was then seen as a theory to punish criminals for their actions, in order to cause extinction. Since Tarde’s explanation to now the learning theory has drastically advanced and provided many answers as to find ways to why one commits crimes and why
Sutherland would respond to my friend’s comment by saying that differential association is the reason how and why people commit crime. Differential Association is where a person learns criminal behavior through interaction among relationships (family and friends). As people grow and continue to interact with the people around them they learn what is and what is not acceptable in society (“definitions”) (Text, Part IV). Sutherland’s differential association theory has nine key components that explain criminal offending. These nine components are : criminal behavior is learned, it is learned interactions and communication between others, usually learned within well-known groups, when crime is learned techniques and motives are decided, it is learned from legal definitions, excess of incentives will increase the likelihood of criminal behavior, differential associations will fluctuate, there is a process just like with anything else being learned, and finally needs and wants of an individual’s influences a person’s motives/criminal behavior (Lecture and text, CH10).
Sociologist Edwin Sutherland first advanced the idea that an individual undergoes the same basic socialization process in learning conforming and deviant acts (Schaefer 2015). Through cultural transmission, criminal or deviant behavior is learned by interacting with others. This learned behavior also includes motives and rationale for explaining the deviant acts. Sutherland used the term differential association to describe the process through which an individual develops an attitude of favorability to deviant acts that leads to violations of rules, through interactions with social groups. These acts can also include noncriminal deviant acts, such as
Socialization is a lifelong process. Everybody with whom an individual comes in contact can influence the socialization process, known as agents of socialization. Three of the major agents of socialization are family, peer group and school. One of the family conditions that lead to delinquency is a family with parental fighting and domestic violence. The observational confirmation demonstrates that, for a developing kid, the most joyful and most serene family circumstance is the intact first marriage. In any case, genuine parental clash has awful impacts, even within intact two-parent families. The popular research of Harvard educators Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck in the 1950s observed that 33% of reprobate young men in their sample originated