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Literature review of end of life care
Literature review of end of life care
Literature review of end of life care
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• Defining characteristics of public health law: o Government – (actor) duly elected officials, how are taking the action that will potentially promote and protect the health of the public, while balancing out individual rights. o Populations – groups of people who share similar characteristics. o Essential services of public health – prevention; promotion and welfare of the public’s health. o Police power – ability to cohere people to do things, which they might not otherwise do if not required to do so without government action. • “The constitution vests powers in the government to protect the community and provide for public safety while providing protections for individual rights.” - we are responsible for the communities health …show more content…
o Isolation: separation for the period of communicability for infected persons. o Civil commitment: power to detain during course of infection. (refused to be isolated – states of power to civil commitment) • Standards for confinement in a public health emergency: 4 part test o A compelling state interests that is substantially furthered by confinement (others will get sick, possibly die) o A well-targeted intervention (not over inclusive or under inclusive) o Level of detention is the least restrictive alternative available, and ( don’t isolate a person how should be commitment) o The detainee is provided with procedural due process of law (was the process fair?) • Role of the state attorney general: chief legal officer of the state, elected official in 43 states, broad power to protect and promote the public’s health. • Examples of use of power to protect and promote the public’s health: tobacco settlement and tobacco control activities, dietary supplements, end-of-life care, use of anti-trust review and analysis to review hospital mergers, Medicaid
“US: Look Critically at Widespread Use of Solitary Confinement.” Human Rights Watch, 1 July 2016,
Since the early 1800s, the United States has relied on a method of punishment barely known to any other country, solitary confinement (Cole). Despite this method once being thought of as the breakthrough in the prison system, history has proved differently. Solitary confinement was once used in a short period of time to fix a prisoners behavior, but is now used as a long term method that shows to prove absolutely nothing. Spending 22-24 hours a day in a small room containing practically nothing has proved to fix nothing in a person except further insanity. One cannot rid himself of insanity in a room that causes them to go insane. Solitary confinement is a flawed and unnecessary method of punishment that should be prohibited in the prison system.
The study continues on to explain further ramifications, such as, physical effects. This shows some of the devastating effects the practice of administrative segregation has on inmates’ mental and physical well-being. Often, it is the mentally ill that are unfairly subject to this practice. “Mentally ill inmates may find themselves inappropriately placed in administrative segregation because of a lack of other suitable placements, protective custody reasons, or disruptive behavior related to their mental illness.” (O 'Keefe 125). Instead of providing safety to inmates and staff as the prison system claims administrative segregation is for, its main objective is social isolation. Which is one of the harmful elements of AS that makes it torture. Additionally, an annual report from the Canadian Government’s Office of the Correctional Investigator’s states, “close to one-third of reported self-injury incidents occurred in (federal prisons) segregation units”. Therefore, one can infer that the negative effects of AS are contradictory to providing safety to inmates. UN Special Rapporteur on Torture Juan Mendéz proposed administrative segregation should be banned as the “isolation of inmates amounted to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment or – in more severe cases – to torture.” The ramifications of administrative segregation amount to what is defined as torture by lawyer and human rights Juan Mendéz. Administrative segregation is an unconstitutional treatment of inmates and does not constitute the values of our society, or the dignity and humanity of all people. Which is contradictory to rehabilitating a person to be physically, socially and mentally restored for reintroduction into society. Its use in Canada’s prison system is unjustified, unethical, and ultimately,
The New York Times supports this idea by stating, “This will come as no surprise to most other advanced nations, where solitary confinement is used sparingly, if at all. A 2011 United Nations report called for the banning of the practice in all but extraordinary circumstances, and even then only for a maximum of 15 days.” (Board, The Editorial. “New York Rethinks Solitary Confinement.”) This displays the impact solitary confinement has had not only on the United States but on the rest of the world as well. The idea that the United Nations is calling for the banning of the practice expresses that the issue is not a just form of rehabilitation or housing of criminals, the isolation unit a violation of human rights that will only worsen over time if nothing is done to stop
The question of what is the government’s role in regulating healthy and unhealthy behavior is one that would probably spark a debate every time. Originally, the role was to assist in regulating and ensure those that were unable to afford or obtain healthcare insurance for various reasons would be eligible for medical care. However, now it seems that politicians are not really concerned about what’s best for the citizens but woul...
The effects of prolonged isolation for inmates in confinement cells are obsessive-compulsive tendencies, paranoia, anger-management issues, and severe anxiety (Sifferlin, Alexandra). Along with the basic concepts such as food, water, and shelter, there are two other basics that Dr. Terry Kupers states are required for human wellbeing: “social interaction and meaningful activity. By doing things we learn who we are and we learn our worth as a person. The two things solitary confinement does are make people solitary and idle” (Sifferlin, Alexandra). Isolation and confinement remove prisoners’ ability to perform significant tasks and act as a part of society. This dehumanizes the inmates because they are no longer able to understand their role as a human being. One inmate, Jeanne DiMola, spent a year in solitary confinement and expressed her thoughts while in the cell: “I felt sorry I was born … Most of all I felt sorry that there wasn 't a road to kill myself because every day was worse than the last" (Rodhan, Maya). In DiMola’s opinion, a death penalty more than likely would have felt more humane than the isolation she experienced. Another prisoner, Damon Thibodeaux, stated, “Life in solitary is made all the worse because it 's a hopeless existence … It is torture
Solitary confinement is a penal tactic used on inmates who pose a threat to themselves or other inmates. Solitary confinement is type of segregated prison in which prisoners are held in their cell for 22-24 hours every day. If they are allowed to leave their cell, they will silently walk shackled and in between two guards. They can only leave for showers or exercise. Their exercise and shower are always done alone and inside. They can exercise in fenced in yards surrounded by concrete. Solitary confinement is either used as a punishment for prison behaviors, a protection method for targeted inmates, or a place to keep prisoners who are a threat to the general prison population. Many prisoners are put in Administrative Segregation for their protection. Many prisoners in this type of segregation are teenagers, homosexuals, and mentally ill prisoners. Many mentally ill prisoners are sent to solitary confinement because there are not rehabilitation services available, and prison officials have run out of options (Shalev, 2008, p [1-2]). Solitary confinement is a convenient method for prison systems, but the detrimental effects on inmates make it an unsuitable option for inmate control.
The problem may be seen as chemical, biological, emotional, intellectual, or social. An essential goal of the justice system is to identify the problem, or problems, and create an appropriate treatment strategy. The practise of incarceration for rehabilitation is based on the notion that the factors causing individuals to resort to unlawful conducts can be changed and that appropriate treatment will reduce offending and reoffending. According to The CSC’s Inmates’ Rights Handbook, in section 11, part
... that we, as a nation that considers ourselves civilized can make to ensure the health and safety of our populace.
Health policy is described as the action of the Government to achieve goals within the health sector (10). Through an analysis of policy it is understood that it is influenced
It is understood to be the most basic level of legitimacy. Lawfulness is concerned with the question of whether power and authority have been acquired and exercised in accordance with established rules on a given society (Beetham, 1991, p. 16). Beetham’s legality condition, therefore, implies that powers that allow police officers - for example, to stop and search citizens, to use force against suspects under specific circumstances or to interrogate suspects in absence of his or her attorney - are powers which must be exercised in accordance with the principles of rule of law and due process. In the 21st century, within contemporary nations, it is expected that police powers be exercised in a manner that is “unbiased, free of passion, prejudice, and arbitrariness, loyal to the law alone” (Tamanaha, 2004, p. 123).
Public Health Law is needed and is essential to establishing structure when it comes to providing effective public health services. Public health laws, polices and regulations assure that the public health receive the best health cares services available. The purposes for public health law are protecting and promoting health and ensuring the protection of rights of individuals in the processes used to protect and promote health. These purposes are the basis for what public health law is and should be in regards to the public. When deriving what public health law consists of, we need to revert back to the basics.
Taylor P., (2003), the lay contribution to public health in: Public health for the 21st century. Buckingham Open University Press, Buckingham, 2003, pp 128 – 144.
The success of the criminal investigation process in achieving justice can be seen through its efforts to balance the rights of the victim, offender and the community, this is evident in the areas of police powers and discretion. Police powers constitute police officers to exercise special powers such as search and seizure and the use of reasonable force. These powers are outlined in the Law Enforcement (Powers
To reiterate these six components, which are innovation, technical package, communication, management, and political commitment – the community is hand in hand associated with core functions of Public Health. In Public Health the three main core functions are assessment, policy development, and assurance. Assessment is a tool that helps monitors different health and environmental statutes to create, deploy, and identify solutions. It also used a diagnostic tool to investigate health-related problems and different health hazards. Policy development is an act of informing and educating those developed ideas and topics that help the communities and different organizations in their health care efforts. Lastly, assurance utilizes different laws and regulations to help in the aid of protecting the public or environment at risk. It also re-evaluates the laws and regulations to see its effectiveness and its quality (Schneider,