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Cultural constructions of gender
How transgenders are portrayed in media
Cultural constructions of gender
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The Visual Framing of the Transgender Community
Background
“Transgender” is a term used to describe individuals whose gender identity is different from their birth sex. This term can also refer to intersex people and genderqueer people who consider their gender either both female and male or neither male or female (Capuzza, 2016). An abundance of prejudice against the transgender community stems from cultural assumptions about gender and sex. Society largely believes that there are only two genders, and gender must align with biological sex. Additionally, transgender expression is often associated with sexuality, even though the two are not related. The transgender community is diverse in gender and sexuality which creates a challenge for accurate
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Since the 1930s when the press started telling stories of transgender individuals in society, the transgender community has been depicted negatively. They are thought of as “social deviants or medical oddities” (Capuzza, 2016). In 1952, Christine Jorgensen, a trans woman, became a celebrity for having a sex reassignment surgery. Capuzza (2016) argues that this changed the discourse around the transgender community and only focused on the “physical transition process”.
Currently, the news is publishing more stories about the transgender community. These articles are often lacking quality by trying to contain transgender identity and expression. The news uses tropes such as the “wrong body discourse” and “a fixable biological solution”, when in reality not all people in the trans community believe they are born in the wrong body (Capuzza, 2016). By the media only showing on definition of “transgender”, they leave out the complexity of the community. This often causes the transgender community to feel as if they must assimilate into the confined definition the news
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In Capuzza’s (2016) content analysis of the visual and textual portrayals of transgender people in the media, it was found that although the media does portray more diversity in the transgender community, they still are not portraying the full spectrum which excludes the complexity of the community. The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation, GLAAD, conducted a study in which they found that 54% of scripted television shows that included transgender characters depicted negative representations of the transgender community. Additionally, only 12% of their sample contained fair and accurate portrayals (Victims or Villains,
The medicalization of transgender tendencies, under what was Gender Identity Disorder, was demoralizing to all transgender people. This resulted in a form of structured and institutionalized inequality that made an entire group of people internalize their problems, making them question not only their own identity, but also their sanity. Therefore, the removal of this disorder from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 2013 and the newest editions was important in that it shows society’s recognition and acceptance of the transgender
In April of 2015, Diane Sawyer premiered an interview on 20/20 that stirred up a heated debate within several, special interest groups in the US. Bruce Jenner decided to tell Sawyer that he was a trans woman, officially “coming out”. After a name and identity change in the public eye months later, Caitlyn Jenner became the media face of the transgendered community. However, as many quickly realized, Jenner’s point of view and experiences differed from other trans individuals in the US, and it drove an already hot topic into a fiery argument in multiple areas of social debate. While there are numerous supporters of Jenner, there are equally just as many that do not see her as a trans woman but a man dressing like a woman. These arguments are
First Mock discusses Jenner’s ability to successfully navigate the media maelstrom of being the largest symbol for the trans community. Mock compares this to her own experience of being a trans woman in the media. She also pays credit to Christine Jorgenson who formed the mold of what it was like to be the first person crossing the gender barrier under the media’s shallow lens. Next Mock interplays the ideas of glamour with privilege by illustrating Jenner’s ability to use her wealth and fame to put her in a position to choreograph her glamour to embody the cis-normative beauty ideal. She states that for many trans women, presentation as a woman by using glamour is a matter of safety in order to blend into a gender binary society filled with resentment and intolerance for the trans society. This leads into the disassociation most trans people who are transitioning face when dealing with healthcare. For most, this is a resource that is widely unavailable. However, due to Jenner’s privilege, she is able to have access to all the best healthcare for gender affirming procedures. Jenner was able to transition swifty, but this experience does not relate for most who often spend decades accumulating the funds necessary for the costly medical care. Finally Mock summarizes by saying that the trans community is fortunate to have access to the experiences documented during Jenner’s transition process so that more people come away with a greater understanding of the practices
Furthermore, the article clarifies that many transgender people experience a stage of identity development that aids in helping them better understanding their own self-image reflection, and expression. More specifically, they reach out to professional...
Transgender is an umbrella term, meaning an individual’s gender-identity does not align with their assigned sex at birth. Although transgender is a protected class in eighteen states, these individuals still face discrimination within the country and around the world (“Non-Discrimination Laws”). Transgender is not a lifestyle, no one chooses to live their life constantly being discriminated against. Transgender issues should be more educated on and their lives should be more protected.
In this article, Shaw and Lee describe how the action of labels on being “feminine” or “masculine” affect society. Shaw and Lee describe how gender is, “the social organization of sexual difference” (124). In biology gender is what sex a person is and in culture gender is how a person should act and portray themselves. They mention how gender is what we were taught to do in our daily lives from a young age so that it can become natural(Shaw, Lee 126). They speak on the process of gender socialization that teaches us how to act and think in accordance to what sex a person is. Shaw and Lee state that many people identify themselves as being transgendered, which involves a person, “resisting the social construction of gender into two distinct, categories, masculinity and femininity and working to break down these constraining and polarized categories” ( 129). They write about how in mainstream America masculinity and femininity are described with the masculine trait being the more dominant of the two. They define how this contributes to putting a higher value of one gender over the other gender called gender ranking (Shaw, Lee 137). They also speak about how in order for femininity to be viewed that other systems of inequality also need to be looked at first(Shaw,Lee 139).
Bruce Jenner has recently become top priority in media because of his decision to transition into a woman, and formally be known as Caitlyn Jenner. Some people refuse to call Bruce by his new name, while others never look back. Whatever the case, in today’s day in age almost any subject can become offensive to someone. In order to make light of the seemingly uncomfortable situation, satirists step in and explore many different outlets and ways of loosening tensions. When a problem becomes a common topic in the media, satirists find the next topic they will write about. However, there are some topics that are always controversial such as gender discrimination. Not only women against men and visa versa, but also transgender against
The depiction of transgender women characters in mainstream television has been offensive, insulting and derogatory. An article from GLADD called “Victims or Villains: Examining Ten Years of Transgender Images on Television”, examines 102 episodes and storylines on mainstream television that contained transgender characters since 2002. Of these, more than half were characterized as containing negative representations of transgender. In 2007 only 1% of television series had a recurring transgender character, which has slowly increased to 4% in 2013.
Living life as a transgendered person is not easy. There are very few times when someone comes out as transgender and their lives are still relatively easy to manage. There are a copious...
Currently the citizens living in the United States are imprisoned within the binary of two genders. It is only acceptable for a person to identify as a male or a female. Depending on the gender the person identifies, as there is an expectation of how that person should look and act. The person identifying as the specific gender, must maintain the gender norms that are in place. These gender binaries are so prevalent in our lives; it is to the point where a large group of Americans are being overlooked. This group of Americans identifies as transgender, which means they do not fit society’s expectations of how a specific gender should look and behave. (gaycenter.org, 2012). The trans population does not fit the expected gender molds that are
Looking at the Functionalist perspective it is perceived that the transgender community goes against society’s traditional concept of sex and gender. Transgender gender-nonconforming individuals face many obstacles in a society that is unforgiving of any individual who does not fit into the “appropriate” expectations or behaviors of gender identity or a gender binary system. The rules of behavior in our society that are considered “appropriate” for women or men inhibit us all. This is the social construction of gender roles, patterns of socially defined behaviors and expectations that are associated with the female and male; men have to dress, act, and speak in a hard, masculine way, while women are to be feminine and soft. There’s not much room for individuality there and for some of us, this is a little more challenging. There seem to be some misconceptions about gender and sex, I believe it is much more complex than we came to
Within the recent years, the transgender movement has become more apparent than ever. With television shows like “RuPaul’s Drag Race”, “Keeping It Up With Cait” and “I Am Jazz”, the voices of transgender people are more public than ever. Celebrities like Caitlyn Jenner and Laverene Cox are changing the face of the movement by showing people that it is never too late to be their true selves. American laws acknowledge the rights of transgender people, but not in a positive way. These are just people trying to be their best selves.
Until Laverne Cox from Orange is the New Black came on the scene, there has never been a transgender celebrity in mainstream Hollywood. There definitely has never been a big time celebrity go through a gender change right before the eyes of the United States. A country that has a vast amount of differing viewpoints. If nothing else, this article has got people talking about gender issues, and while that may be a good thing it has created a lot of tension between friends and family members who have always avoided the issue but can no longer escape it. A few heated arguments between friends doesn’t seem all that problematic, but sadly this is not the only effect of the ever growing tension surrounding issues of gender.
Imagine watching television and having no characters to relate to. This is what it is like for LGBT or queer people all over the world. Out of the 895 main characters shown on television, “the overall percentage of LGBT regular characters on scripted broadcast series is 4.8%” (Ellis, Sarah Kate). That means that only 43 main characters on television are members of the queer community. While there are more openly queer people than ever before, the community still receives the least amount of representation in the media and this needs to change.
A literature search was conducted concerning the value of LGBT artwork empowering the transgender community. Key words used for the search included transgender people, rainbow flag, pink triangle, empowering LGBT, LGBT symbols, and LGBT symbols in medical settings. Using these key words, an Internet search was conducted for relevant literature. One problem discovered is there has not been much research performed on how transgender people view LGBT artwork symbols (Wolowic, Heston, Saewyc, Porta, & Eisenberg, 2016).