Victor Turner Baptism

In this paper, I will be using Victor Turner’s concept of liminality to analyze the Christian rite of passage of baptism. Turner built upon Arnold van Gennep’s three-stage model of rites of passage, focusing on liminality rather than reaggregation and introducing the concept of communitas as the unstructured community during the liminal stage in which all members are equal. By using the anthropological lens of Turner to analyze baptism, specifically Jesus’ water baptism in the book of Mark, I hope to apply his concepts of liminality and communitas to the text to gain a deeper understanding of the model for modern Christian baptism rituals and interpretations, including Spirit baptism.
According to Christian tradition, baptism is a ritual through

Within the ritual of baptism, these three stages can be clearly outlined. The first stage of the ritual process, separation, consists of the detachment of an individual from their previous condition, status, or state. In the stage of separation, individuals are separated physically or socially from those who are not participating in the ritual. In the example of Jesus’ baptism, Jesus approached John the Baptist in the River Jordan to be baptized. By physically separating himself from the people on the land and joining the group to be baptized in the water, Jesus detached himself from the structures and values of society, choosing instead to repent, “radically transforming his status, rendering him marginal, an outsider.” Similarly, individuals that are baptized in a church are separated from the group prior to their baptism as individuals that are no longer participating in the “adulterous and sinful generation,” but are not yet initiated as “those who lose their life for [Jesus’]

In Christian communities, especially communities that practice adult baptism, the ritual is seen as more than just an act of repentance for the forgiveness of sins. The specific actions associated with baptism have evolved to represent Jesus’ death (the liminal stage) and resurrection (the reaggregation stage). By manipulating the symbolic actions in the ritual “so as to bring them into parallel with the pre-established non-symbolic system,” we are better able to understand the symbolism of the three stages of this rite of