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Side effects of Ventolin
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Side effects of Corticosteroids and Ventolin
Side-effect of Ventolin is thought to have an adverse effect on synaptic nervous system (SNS) in tissues other than bronchi/lungs. It is also hypothesised that there is a drug interaction between Ventolin and corticosteroids which is causing adverse reactions in the body. For e.g. muscle/heart and is causing tremors and racing heart. This research paper will discuss the various side effects of Ventolin and Corticosteroids when taken by an asthmatic patient (Joe) and whether there is drug interaction between the two drugs or not.
Corticosteroids, more often known as steroids, are an anti-inflammatory medicine prescribed for a wide range of conditions (Barnes, 2003). They are available in tablets, injections, inhalers,
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Available at: http://www.lung.org/associations/charters/mid-atlantic/assets/bwlw/medicine_chart_rev_09.pdf (accessed 9 March 2015).
Asthma Treatment: Steroids and Other Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (2015).WebMD. Available at: http://www.webmd.com/asthma/guide/asthma-control-with-anti-inflammatory-drugs?page=2 (accessed 9 March 2015).
Buchman AL (2001). Side effects of corticosteroid therapy. Journal of clinical gastroenterology, 33(4): 289-294.
Barnes PJ, & Adcock IM (2003). How do corticosteroids work in asthma? Annals of internal medicine, 139(5_Part_1): 359-370.
Corticosteroids (2013).Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Corticosteroid-%28drugs%29/Pages/Introduction.aspx (accessed 9 March 2015).
Corticosteroid Therapy (2015). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dba/corticosteroid.html (accessed 9 March 2015).
Greaves MW (1976). Anti-inflammatory action of corticosteroids. Postgraduate medical journal, 52(612): 631-633.
Nizet TAC, Broeders ME AC, & Folgering HTM (2004). Tremor side effects of salbutamol, quantified by a laser pointer technique. Respiratory medicine,
Smith, M., Segel, J., & Ramsey, D. (2013, 9). Add / adhd medications. Retrieved from http://www.helpguide.org/mental/adhd_medications.htm
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. It is a reversible airway obstruction, occurring 8 to 10% of the population worldwide. According to a study in 2005, asthma affects over 15 million Americans, with more than 2 million annual emergency room visits. Asthma patients have a hyper-responsiveness in their airways and generally and increase in their airway smooth muscle cell mass. This hyperplasia is due to the normal response to the injury and repair to the airway caused by exacerbations. The main choice of therapy for asthma patients is β2- adrenergic agonists. Racemic albuterol has been the drug of choice for a short acting bronchodilator for a long time, but since the development of levalbuterol, there is the question of which drug is a better choice for therapy. Efficacy and cost of treatment must both be taken into consideration in each study of these therapies to determine which is best for the treatment of asthma.
In the article "The Effect of Theophylline and ß2 agonists on Airway Reactivity" it says that more airway responsiveness occurs in asthma, chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, and other diseases. Theophylline and ß2 agonists are used commonly for maintenance therapy for symptoms associated with the increased responsiveness. Both can reduce airway responsiveness to a variety of chemical irritants.. (Ahrens 15S)
Steroids are used daily in America in body building, medicine, and food production. There are three main types of steroids, Corticosteroids, Anabolic steroids, and hormone steroids. Corticosteroids are the kind of steroids doctors prescribe to patients when they are sick or have some kind of medical issue. These steroids reduce overactive immune responses and reduce swelling. Anabolic steroids are used for building muscle. They also contain a lot of testosterone. Testosterone is naturally produced by one's body but too much can cause a vast variety of problems. Hormone steroids are the steroids people put in animals (DeNoon).
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Treatment. (2012, September 13). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved December 14, 2012, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/features/adhd-key-findings-play.html
... certain adrenal cortical steroids are powerful inhibitors of inflammation, toxic side effects limit their usefulness. Similarly, drugs that inhibit proliferation of cells in the inflammatory masses have potentially severe side effects. Drugs that inhibit undesirable inflammation may also inhibit desired inflammatory responses.
Anabolic steroids are drugs containing, or hormone-like substances, that are used to increase strength and promote muscle growth. They were first developed in the 1930s in Europe to treat undernourished patients and to promote healing after surgery. Competitive weightlifters began using steroids in the 1950s as a way to increase their athletic performance. Use gradually spread throughout the world among athletes in other has been estimated that at least one in 15 male high school seniors in the United States--more than a half-million boys--has used steroids. Some are athletes attempting to increase their strength and size; others are simply youths attempting to speed up their growth to keep pace with their peers. In some countries, anabolic steroids are available over the counter. In the United States, a doctor's prescription is necessary.
Although steroids have many negative effects, they have many needed medical purposes. Androgens have many legitimate medical uses, such as the use for treatment of hypogonadal men to compensate for the lack of endogenous production. Anabolic steroids are also helpful for the treatment of certain adolescent diseases, some types of anemias, and for a relatively rare form of edema. Other clinical uses focus on the tissue building and anti-catabolic effects, such as in the treatment of burn victims, AIDS, or HIV positive patients, or patients malnourished from disease or old age (Bellino 1).
Asthma is treated with two types of medicines: long-term control and quick-relief medicines. Long-term control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quick-relief, or "rescue," medicines relieve asthma symptoms that may flare up.
“Steroids are any type of a large group of fat-soluble organic compounds, as the sterols, bile acids, and sex hormones most of which have specific physiological action” (Dictionary.com). When our bodies are still developing, the effects of steroids can be dangerous and can also be permanent (“Above”). Steroids are made out of substances such as nandrolone, stanozolol, testosterone, fluoxymestrone, and oxandrolone. Sometimes people say when you can’t pronounce something, you probably shouldn’t use it. In the 1940’s testosterone began to be widely used in competitive sports, but the dangers of loading up on testosterone were not yet clear (“History”). Instead of using steroids for a bad reason, there is a medicinal purpose. Cortisteroids can treat arthritis, asthma, lupus and multiple sclerosis, eczema and rashes, and some types of cancer (“Steroids: Medline”). Also, steroids can be used to treat anemia, to improve weight loss due to severe illness, and to treat osteoporosis. Steroids can only be sold to you by a pharmacist f...
Some severe asthmatics who require high doses of ICS and prednisone appear to be susceptible to recurrent infections. Bacterial infections can lead to chronic lower airway inflammation and worsening of asthma. This is widely believed to be a result of steroid usage which suppresses the inflammatory response. However, a recent study by Zuccaro et al., has reported a relationship between HDAC activity and the expression of scavenger receptors on macrophages, which may suggest an underlying predisposition to infection. Specifically, HDAC inhibition resulting from increased PI3K levels in severe asthmatics has been associated with a reduction in innate immune genes in macrophages including the scavenger receptor (MARCO) (Figure 2).7 MARCO has shown to play a role in anti-bacterial host defenses as it can bind gram-positive bacteria such as staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative bacteria.8 Decreased MARCO expression was seen in asthmatics that had recurrent infective neutrophilic bronchitis compared to asthmatics who did not have a history of recurrent infective bronchitis. These patients also had a significant reduction in HDAC.7 HDAC
In case you who are reading this does not know steroids are any numerous naturally occurring or synthetic fat soluble organic compounds having as a basis 17 carbon atom arranged in four rings and including the sterols and bile acids, adrenal and sex hormones certain natural drugs such as digits compounds and the precursors of certain vitamins.
The broad anti-inflammatory profile of corticosteroids accounts for their marked clinical effectiveness in asthma. Any attempts to find alternative treatments that are more specific, such as inhibitors of single mediators, have been unsuccessful, showing the importance of simultaneously inhibiting many inflammatory targets. Any explanation of the anti-inflammatory effects of corticosteroids needs to account for this broad spectrum of anti-inflammatory
Even though there is no cure for asthma, there are two main types of medication used for the treatment of it. The first is long term medication that aids in decreasing the inflammation of a person’s airways and also serves as a preventative measure for symptoms and asthma attacks. These medicines are usually anti-inflammatory drugs that are taken daily to reduce future symptoms, but do not act as a quick fix...