Urinalysis is the analyzing of urine for the diagnosis of diseases. It involves the elimination of the urine using chemical methods, physically or even microscopically. Urinalysis is one of the most common medical laboratory procedures performed because the composition of the urine reflects the status of many different body functions. For instance, diabetic mellitus is often due to sugar present in the urine because the excess sugar in the blood is filtered out by the kidney and being excreted out in the urine. Additionally, urinalysis can predict early stages of kidney failure, a common disease affecting millions each year Fortunately, each person has two kidneys. If both kidneys are damage, a kidney dialysis or transplant are treatment to …show more content…
Honestly, I did not carefully read the instructions before lab and I have a bad habit of not eating breakfast every morning. As for the 300 ml of water, it was an estimation and I did not really kept record of that. The time of urination before experiment is less than one hour even though the lab manual clearly said that I should empty my bladder before coming to class. Due to my recklessness, the results for urine volume is affected and therefore the rate of urine formation. The inconsistency in rate can be seen in Table 2, for example, the rate increase from 0.5 ml/min at 30 minutes to 1.2 ml/min at 60 minutes. In addition, the concentration of chloride ion at 30 minutes and 60 minutes is also compromised because of not strictly following the diet instructions. Volume is incorrect too at 60 minutes and 90 minutes because I dumped some of the urine to prevent the cup from overflow. The color of the urine did not change much because of water consumed within 30 minutes before …show more content…
The proteins and leukocytes somehow miraculously disappear in the last urine sample when tested with a new LabStix. There is only two reason to this, either the leukocytes were being broken down and excreted in the urine which also show the presence of proteins or the LabStix is not reliable as the production and expired date is unknown, accuracy might be compromised. I think the possibility of the latter is higher than the first one because at 120 minutes no protein and leukocyte is present, as theoretically we learn that leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets and plasma proteins such as albumin and globulin are prevented from passing out the glomerulus by the basement membrane that acts as a filter. (Jones, Fosbery, Gregory and Taylor. 2014) [11] In both labStix test, it shows that I have moderate/ trace blood in my urine suggesting that I have a physical trauma, which is precisely correct. I have numerous inflammation in my body such as chronic cyst adjacent to my private part, which might have contributed to the results of red blood cells in my urine. (Parker, 1936)
Since drug testing centers do not typically check for a sample’s validity, testing authorities use an improvised technique of checking the sample’s temperature. Urine is warmed by the body, and it only logically follows that a fresh sample should also be warm. Otherwise, it must have come from somewhere other than your body.
Then, repeat steps 7-11 another 4 times but with the room temperature water. For the room temperature water just leave it in the room but try not to change the room’s temperature. 15. Try to put all your recorded data into a table for organization 16. Repeat the entire experiment for more reliable data.
the replicate shows the same trend as the first experiment. I used a measuring cylinder and a beaker to measure out the amounts of water; however these did not seem to affect the quality of my results. To increase the accuracy of my results I could have perhaps used a burette. Even though I did the best I could to keep the experiment accurate, I did. some places there were mistakes that unintentionally occurred.
a) Urinalysis with significantly increased amounts of blood (via dipstick and sediment), protein, and leukocytes as well as slightly increased bilirubin and slightly decreased pH;
The kidneys are located in the posterior section of the retroperitoneal cavity and are small, dark red kidney-bean shaped organs in the lower part of the rib cage (Marieb, The Urinary System, 2015). They are undervalued organs considering how essential they are for the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis. The kidneys filter about 120-150 quarts of blood to produce about 1-2 quarts of urine each day (NIH, 2014). Blood initially enters the kidneys through the renal artery. It then flows into the segmental artery before moving into the interlobar artery. From the interlobar artery the filtrate enters the arcuate artery before branching into the cortical radiate artery, which feeds into the afferent arteriole, before passing into the glomerulus where it begins to filter out waste. The filtered waste is then collected by renal tubule. The tubules drain to collecting ducts and all of these components together makes up a small unit called a nephron. Each kidney has over a million nephrons (Marieb, Blood Supply/ Nephrons, 2015). They filter out wastes that run through different body systems via blood; the majority of that waste is nitrogenous wastes, toxins, excess fluids, electrolytes, and drugs. These waste products are eliminated as urine. While waste are removed vital enzymes, hormones, and water are returned
The kidneys play a major role in the blood composition and volume , the excretion of metabolic wastes in the urine, the control the acid/base balance in the body and the hormone production for maintaining hemostasis. The damages to the GBM in the glomeruli alter filtration process that allows the protein and red blood cells to leak into the urine. Loss of protein like albumin in the urine results in a decrease of their level into the blood stream. Consequently, this patient’s blood reveals a decreased albumin (Alb) value of 2.9 g/dL, decreased serum total protein value of 5 .0 g/dL and in the urine presents of the protein and the RBCs. Impaired filtering capacity result in inability of kidneys to excrete excretory products like electrolytes and metabolic waste products that will then accumulate in the blood. Furthermore, inability of distal convoluted tubules to excrete sufficient quantities of potassium, sodium, magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), urea, creatinine (Cr), alkaline phosphatase (Alk Phos), and phosphate (PO4) results in their elevation in the blood. His laboratory values reveal an increased of sodium value of 149 meq/L, an increase of potassium value of 5.4meq/L, increased chloride value of 116 meq/L, increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) serum of 143 mg/dL, and increased creatinine serum of 7.14 mg/dL. The other abnormal blood tests associated with a loss of kidneys’ filtration property identify in this patient are related to an increase of alkaline phosphatase value of 178 IU/L, increased magnesium value of 3.8mgdL, and increased phosphate (PO4) value of 5.9 mg/dL .
The reason for this is that separate drops were entered one at a time and their volume was computed in order to add to the total of the. However, due to the fact of adding drops one at a time. time became an issue while completing the experiment. One titration took nearly 30 minutes to complete flawlessly.
The urinary tract consists of two kidneys, to ureters, urethra, and the urinary bladder. The urinary system works to remove waste from the body, maintain homeostasis of water, blood pressure, and regulate the body’s pH levels. The kidneys regulate several important internal conditions by excreting substances out into the body. After urine has been produced in the kidneys it is then transported to the urinary bladder via the ureters. The urinary bladder then holds the urine until the body is ready for excretion through the urethra.
The renal disease are common nowadays .The acute renal failure is a medical term means that the kidneys stopped from working and not able to clear toxins from body ,not able to maintained a stable electrolyte balance inside the body and not able to secret the extra fluid as urine outside the body. The renal replacement therapy (RRT) or dialysis has been discovered on 1913 by Able, Rowntree and Turner in London, UK.
renal disease that requires dialysis or needing a kidney transplant. Medicare does not cover the
Healthy kidneys clean the blood by filtering out extra water and wastes. They also make hormones that keep your bones strong and blood healthy. When both of your kidneys fail, your body holds fluid. Your blood pressure rises. Harmful wastes build up in your body. Your body doesn't make enough red blood cells. When this happens, you need treatment to replace the work of your failed kidneys.
Bacteria can be found in healthy urine, so usually a doctor bases it off symptoms and the lab tests. For the people with reappearing UTIs, and for patients in the hospital, the urine may be seriously infected and civilized. The experiment is resolved by placing part of the urine in a test tube with a certain substance that makes the bacteria multiply, after this process is finished, they can be identified. Another test that can be taken is the sensitivity test, the test tests for sensitivity to different medicines and antibiotics to see which medication is best for treating the persons severe infection. If a person has recurrent UTIs, the doctor may order some extra exams to determine if the person’s urinary tract can get back to being
In conclusion, the method seems flawed in accurately measuring the glucose concentration of solutions. To make the experiment a "fair test," three main variables needed to be kept constant. Firstly, the volumes, including all measurements, i.e., the amount of Benedict's solution used and the amount of glucose water solution in each test tube. Secondly, the time that all the test tubes were kept in the water bath had to be the same for all test tubes, including solution X.
Miscalculating your expected period of time. Many women miscalculate when their period is due and take a pregnancy test too soon. Charting your basal body temperature (BBT) and recording your menstrual cycle dates may help avoid any confusion. Urine is diluted in water. Although most home pregnancy tests may be used any time, it is ideal to take it early in the morning, when you first urinate, because urine is more concentrated and there is a better chance that a larger amount of hCG hormone is present.
As the kidneys regulate the quantity of fluid which leaves the body, patients who suffer from kidney disease progression, may be not be able to regularize fluid removal from their body. Due to this scenario, their physician or specialist may ask them to reduce their intake of fluid. Lowering daily fluid intake for the renal diet involves: not drinking to socialize or from habit, only having a drink when thirsty, and sucking on a wedge of lemon or chips of ice. It also entails taking measures for monitoring the quantity of fluid that is drunk. This is done by measuring a regularly used glass or cup to measure the quantity of fluid it holds, as well as placing the recommended daily quantity of water into a specific container, and then only taking the fluid that is consumed from this. This insures that the recommended amount is not exceeded (Medical