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This historical investigation allowed me to experience both how historians use methods available to them to gain information, and the challenges that the historian faces as a result of their investigation. Primarily, I analyzed and gathered newspaper articles, books, and statistical studies surrounding the event, in question. The challenge with this method was in the uniformity of opinions surrounding Nader; no single article I looked at other than the scientific study thought otherwise of Nader’s effect on the election, and in the context of the information age, historians, including myself in this study, have to determine whether or not provided information is reliable or not. This was especially prevalent in Nader’s novel, where he writes
in a persuasive and smug tone, acting as if he was the “famous” politician that took down Gore, making it more difficult to trust and analyze his opinions.. Had I not found the Herron and Lewis study, I may have made a different conclusion about Nader. This moves us primarily to the next method I used, where I also primarily used critical analysis to draw a conclusion based off the evidence given to me. This step in particular was difficult, as I came to realize that there is no right or wrong answer to history; rather, historians must choose an explanation that fits most pieces of the puzzle. This was more apparent when I took into consideration the Herron and Lewis study, which suggested that other third parties would have given Gore the win, and that Democrats primarily chose the Green Party over its similarities. Here, I had to lessen my answer; rather than Nader being the primary cause, he made more of an impact over anything else. Primarily, from my experience with this investigation, I believe the role of the historian is to make sense of historical events, rather than define them entirely. The historian doesn’t answer a investigatory question with wholeness and confidence in their answer. Rather, they gather existing pieces, and attempt to arrange them in a sensible manner, which was what I experience by attempting to “put together” the sources I had.
Rick Perlstein argues over whether "Nixonland", a country at war with itself, still resides in the heart of America. The book took a in depth look at Nixon’s political career from the beginning up to the outcome of the 1972 election, as well as how America’s political scene went from perceived consensus in the LBJ era to the bitterly divided right versus left, also known as the red state/blue state split. Perlstein’s argument is that we are still living in Nixonland. “Nixonland” is a study of the consensus, it isn’t just about Nixon, he isn’t the protagonist of Nixonland although it does include his rise and fall; instead, the protagonist of Nixonland is the American voter who found themselves voting Democrat in 1964 and then Republican in 1972 for the same reasons. This book covers the American political and cultural terrain from LBJ’s liberal landslide in 1964, through Nixon’s comeback in 1968, and land...
...he end, the analysis conducted above makes it clear that neither Neustadt’s nor Skowronek’s theories are unified theories of the Presidency which are capable of explaining the full range of variation as it pertains to Presidential records and histories. Rather, each theory is best conceptualized of as representing a single sphere of the Presidency, and each thus serves to potently explain Presidentially-related phenomena which fall within their scope conditions and reach. With this in mind, it is difficult to conceive of a single theory being capable of explaining the full gamut of variation associated with the Presidency. Rather, and as elaborated upon above, each is most successful in the context of its scope conditions, and theoretical hybridization likely represents the best pathway towards explaining the full gamut of variation associated with the Presidency.
Grace Abbott, Ph.M. (Political Science) 1909 [SSA Centennial Celebration Profiles of Distinction Series]. (n.d.). In Chicago/SSA/Centenial. Retrieved March 6, 2011, from The University of Chicago website: http://ssacentennial.uchicago.edu/features/features-abbott-grace.shtml
The play “Doubt” by John Patrick Shanley began with a sermon by Father Brendan Flynn, a well liked and enlightened neighborhood priest, who says, "Doubt can be a bond as powerful and sustaining as certainty". (Shanley 6) Sister Aloysius Beauvier is a strict traditional nun, who was declared to protect and secure St. Nicholas Church School. Father Flynn seems to be the protagonist in the play and Sister Aloysius is the antagonist. The whole play, sister Aloysius Beauvier suspected Father Flynn of molesting a 12-year-old boy named Donald Muller, who is the first African-American student in the St. Nicholas Church School. I think that Sister Aloysius’s overreacting, because Father Flynn is innocent. In the middle of these two characters, Sister James is a young and innocent teacher who wants to be neutral between the conflict of Sister Aloysius and Father Flynn.
Anna's intrusions, defending her role as a historian and lamenting about how unfortunate she was, creates an image of herself as an admirable historian and dutiful daughter. Sewter's revised edition of The Alexiad places Anna within the tradition of the Byzantine Historiography to demonstrate effectively her emulation of her predecessors, subjects and her innovations. This draws from a cultural, intellectual development, which arose during the period referred to as the Byzantine humanism (Comnena 1). Anna effectively incorporates concepts, which help to create her character through intrusions. In this paper, I will effectively show that Anna's intimate relations with her subjects, make her more reliable than any other Byzantine historian source.
...Hofstadter, Richard. The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It. Knopf, New York: Vintage Books, 1989. Print.
The main purpose of a historian is to show facets of continuity and change over time of his or her object of study. Along with the concise historian, Kinzer establishes his ability to report history and storytelling. In his book, The Overthrow, he uses oral records and personal communications as his primary sources. He refers to quotes from records and interviews to tell the story of each intervention, Kinzer depicts characters, like presidents and administrators, in a more humane light then of their usual opaque appearance. In his writing, historical characters are not just defined as demonized, but rather described as humane because of certain circumstances that encouraged them to make the decisions that they did. Kinzer is by no means cautious about where he wants the reader to end up: "The invasion of Iraq in 2003," he writes in the second paragraph of the introduction, "was not an isolated episode. It was the culmination of a 110-year period during which Americans overthrew fourteen governments that displeased them for various ideological, political, and economic reasons." Kinzer proclaims that the operations including Iraq have been seen as successful, the vast majority have had consequences unintended. This assertion is made clear in the histories of Hawaii, Cuba, the Philippines, Nicaragua, Honduras, Iran, Guatemala, South Vietnam, Chile, Panama and Afghanistan and Iraq. Kinzer’s argument becomes more solidified by the time he mentions Afghanistan and Iraq. While the Overthrow shows the continuity of US participation in foreign regime changes, the book is divided into three chronological parts; the imperial era, Covert action, and Invasion, each will be further analyzed in the following lines. Kinzer argues, that each part...
Hofstadter, Richard. The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It. New York: Vintage, 1989.
World War Z, written by Max Brooks, is an apocalyptic novel that follows an interviewer on a quest to piece together the global history twelve years after the zombie apocalypse that came to be know as “The Dark Years”. This novel is said to be an “oral history” because the plot is structured around the personal experiences around the world that is documented by an agent of the United Nations Postwar Commission. For the majority, oral histories are seen as beneficial because they allow for a unique perspective in historical records that readers do not usually get a sense of in a basic textbook. In order for one to understand its critical influence in this novel and its plot structure, it is important for readers to fully grasp what exactly
Shugart, Matthew. "Elections: The American Process of Selecting a President: A Comparative Perspective." Presidential Studies, 34, 3 (September 2004): 632-656.
TerBeek, Calvin. “’Swing’ voters are still partisan.” Chicago Turbine. N.p., 20 Nov. 2013. Web. 8 Dec. 2013. .
During this investigation I utilized various forms of primary and secondary sources, all with distinct opinions, allowing for me to arrive at an objective conclusion. As a historian, one must evaluate both sides of an argument before deriving a conclusion. I used primary sources such as cartoons created during the Gilded Age, capturing the spirit at the time. Similarly, I examined the actual federal act of the Sherman Antitrust Act to view congress ruling regarding monopolies. I also utilized secondary sources that were written decades afterwards, enabling for the authors to reflect back on the series of events that unfolded after the creation of the cartoons during the time of the Gilded Age.
The American Academy of Political and Social Science The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science,(2013)
Schmidt, Shelley, and Bardes. American Politics and Government Today. Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999, pgs. 325-327.
In their essay, ‘The Intentional Fallacy’ (1946), William K. Wimsatt Jr. and Monroe C. Beardsley, two of the most eminent figures of the New Criticism school of thought of Literary Criticism, argue that the ‘intention’ of the author is not a necessary factor in the reading of a text.