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unmarried Chinese women working defense industry jobs too. These women held positions in war plants such as riveters, welders, inspectors, and punch press operators. Since these jobs needed to be learned quickly trainings were broken down into smaller tasks. The trainings hardly ever took place on the job site many employers had outside agencies provided this service. Women paid for these trainings but were sometimes subsidized. If the trainings were funded by the employer initially, it was repaid by the woman through her wages. Eventually some employers paid women regular wages during their training, while others guaranteed work with time-and-a-half. Other incentives included free or subsidized transport or carpooling organized by employer, …show more content…
Those who had no family to rely on needed help with the care of their children. Some corporations offered nurseries in an effort to eliminate problems like absenteeism from a sick child, worker lateness, or early departures to meet family needs. The federal government even offered a limited program of day care centers as part of the New Deal, to assist these mothers. As job opportunities opened up for women it also opened the doorway for women to join the military. More than 250,000 women joined the armed forces as Wacs in the army, as Spars in the navy, and as Wares in the marine corps. In previous wars women were allowed only to be nurses but were now allowed to substitute for men in non-combat jobs. Women were now allowed to work as machinists, store keepers, and office workers, operating radios, and driving jeeps and trucks although many still served the vital role as nurses. With the acceptance into many new positions women still faced a resistance as doctors in the military, until 1943. African American women were still experiencing segregation and had less training and less opportunity than whites with skilled jobs. Blacks were only allowed to tend to African American or
Beginning with the aggressive recruiting methods utilized to bring them in, and ending with the return of men from the war -- especially veterans -, women became extremely active in the working force during World War II. This was evident at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, where four thousand and six hundred women were employed. Even though they remained employed for up to six months after the war, eventually men did return to their positions, leaving only women veterans still qualified to hold a position there. However, the focus of a speech on this matter by Dr. Sparr was the activity that occurred during these women's employment.
Do you believe in equality? Regardless of gender, age, education, religion, etc. all people should be treated the same. However, not everyone is. This literature review shows that. My literature review is on the Gender Matters set of essays. The first essay is The Startling Plight of China’s Leftover Women by Christina Larsen. This essay is about the unmarried, educated women in China and why they are still unmarried. The second essay is The Invisible Migrant Man: Questioning Gender Privileges by Chloe Lewis. This piece is about the struggles and issues that married male migrants face and have faced. The last is Body-Building In Afghanistan by Oliver Broudy. It is about the men who are unemployed in Afghanistan who spend their time working out. My literature review is written in the following order: Larsen’s essay, Broudy’s
During the war, women played a vital role in the workforce because all of the men had to go fight overseas and left their jobs. This forced women to work in factories and volunteer for war time measures.
Although women had the opportunity to work, many of them had children that needed to be taken care of while they worked. Some mothers relied on family members and friends to take care of their children, while others had to place their children in childcare centers. While young children were being taken care of, children who were old enough went to school. “Bay Area schoolchildren were enthusiastically enlisted into wartime activities, such as collecting scrap and buying Victory Stamps, but they were also identified as particularly vulnerable victims of wartime social changes” (Doc. B). Children could help out with the war effort whether they were at home or at
Because many men were involved in the war, women finally had their chance to take on many of the positions of a man. Some women served directly in the military and some served in volunteer agencies at home and in France. For a brief period, from 1917 to 1918, one million women worked in industry. Others not involved in the military and industry engaged in jobs such as streetcar conductors and bricklayers. But as the war started to end, women lost their jobs to the returning veterans.
Fifty percent of the women who took war jobs were black and Hispanic and lower-class women who were already working. They switched from low paying female jobs to higher-paying factory jobs. Even more women were needed, so companies went out searching for women just graduating from high school. Eventually, married women were needed even though no one wanted them to work. They definitely did not want women working especially if they had young children. It was hard to get married women because even if they wanted to work, 90 percent of their husbands did not want them to. At first, women with kids under 14 were told to stay home to take care of them. The government was afraid that a rise in working mothers would lead to a rise in juvenile delinquency. After awhile, the amount of the workers needed in the job force was so high that even women with children under 6 years old took jobs.
The departure of men left an increasing amount of vacant jobs that needed filled. Women were amused about the notion to enter the workforce and having an primary involvement in the war. When asked about women’s roles during WWII, Litts said, “A lot entered the workforce, and some had already worked before.[They] worked in the factory doing munitions or had pink collar jobs. I worked in a bank… that was white collar.”In the United States, pink collar workers performed duties in the service industry. In contrast, workers who performed manual labor services were consider blue collar workers, and the typical professional office workers were called white collar. United States factories supplied war production. Women entered jobs that were not only white collar but even entered blue collar jobs that were usually done by men(
Many factors affected the changes in women’s employment. The change that occurred went through three major phases: the prewar period in the early 1940s, the war years from 1942-1944, and the post war years from around 1945-1949. The labor shortage that occurred as men entered the military propelled a large increase in women’s entrance into employment during the war. Men's return to the civilian workforce at the end of the war caused the sudden drop to prewar levels. The cause of the sudden decline during post war years of women in the paid workforce is unclear. Many questions are left unanswered: What brought women into the war industry, ...
When all the men were across the ocean fighting a war for world peace, the home front soon found itself in a shortage for workers. Before the war, women mostly depended on men for financial support. But with so many gone to battle, women had to go to work to support themselves. With patriotic spirit, women one by one stepped up to do a man's work with little pay, respect or recognition. Labor shortages provided a variety of jobs for women, who became street car conductors, railroad workers, and shipbuilders. Some women took over the farms, monitoring the crops and harvesting and taking care of livestock. Women, who had young children with nobody to help them, did what they could do to help too. They made such things for the soldiers overseas, such as flannel shirts, socks and scarves.
The women during the war felt an obligation to assist in one form or another. Many stayed at home to watch over the children, while others felt a more direct or indirect approach was necessary. Amongst the most common path women took to support the war, many "served as clerks.filled the ammunition cartridges and artillery shells with powder at armories, laboring at this dangerous and exacting task for low wages. Both sides utilized women in these capacities (Vol. 170). " Women that stayed away from battlefields supported their respected armies by taking the jobs that men left behind.
...o work, keeping the economy going while the men were fighting the war. Other women joined the army and navy out in combat. Organizations that are still present to this day were founded, such as the American Red Cross Association, the Women's Army Corps (WAC), the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES), and the Army Nurse Corps. Overall, World War II changed the role of American women for the better. It marked the beginning of an ongoing advancement of women's economic position in American society.
This left a gap in the defense plants that built wartime materials, such as tanks and other machines for battle. As a result, women began to enter the workforce at astonishing rates, filling the roles left behind by the men. As stated by Cynthia Harrison, “By March of [1944], almost one-third of all women over the age of fourteen were in the labor force, and the numbers of women in industry had increased almost 500 percent. For the first time in history, women were in the exact same place as their male counterparts had been, even working the same jobs. The women were not dependent upon men, as the men were overseas and far from influence upon their wives.
During World War II, 350,000 women served in the U.S. Armed Forces. Women helped manufacture ammunition, weapons, and aircraft and also worked in the fields to contribute to the war. (World War II-The Home Front) One of four married women worked outside the house between the years of 1940 and 1945. First lady Eleanor Roosevelt along with women’s groups and General George Marshall were supporters of the idea of having women serve in branches of the Army. (American Women in World War II)
“The War led to a dramatic rise in the number of women working in the United States; from 10.8 million in March, 1941, to more than 18 million in August, 1944…” (Miller). Although the United States couldn’t have been as successful in the war without their efforts, most of
World War 1 had a massive effect on women in society. Their lives drastically changed in a short amount of time. In fact with this change came plenty of responsibility, and a great deal of both physically and psychologically demanding work. This responsibility is what made women more confident and self-satisfied, which later on led them to fight harder for their rights.