I. Introduction In Horst W. J. Rittel and Melvin M. Weber’s 1973 seminal paper titled Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning, the reader is introduced to the concept of a “wicked problem”. This term is used in social planning to describe an issue that is difficult, or sometimes impossible to resolve since it is comprised of contradictory factors that are challenging to recognize. If one were to try and solve one part of a wicked problem, more problems can be revealed or created. While Rittel and Weber offer an imperative theory with the concept of wicked problems, there are several points that are made in their paper that can bring misinterpretations and require clarification from a design point of view. II. Understanding Wicked Problems In their seminal paper, Rittel and Weber argue that the systems analysis approach to finding an issue and then creating a solution cannot apply to planning-specific issues. In fact, the main argument that is voiced is the most difficult problem is defining the problem. It is mentioned that because there are such diverse values that are held by varying groups of individual people, a solution might satisfy one individual might …show more content…
For example, Rittel and Weber list ten characteristics of wicked problems, one of them being that there is no clear end to indicate when a wicked problem has been resolved, or wicked problems have no “stopping rule”. In design cases, this characteristic remains true since design projects often abandoned rather than left incomplete. This example also relates to another characteristic listed by Rittel and Weber, which is that it is impossible to predict all likely solutions to a wicked problem. In design specifically, it would be inefficient to try and determine all possible solutions to a single planning
Throughout all of Ray Bradbury’s works, he has a writing style that is distinctly his own. He implements the use of kinesthetic imagery and impassioned diction in order to reveal to the reader the simplest truths in life.
Authors often make use of rhetorical strategies for additional effects, appeals to the reader, relating to an audience, or even for simply drawing attention to a specific section/part of a work. Nonetheless, these Rhetorical Strategies can prove crucial in the unraveling of such a work. The preceding is the case for a work entitled Something Wicked This Way Comes, by Ray Bradbury. Within the context of the story, a circus enters a small town and changes its overall atmosphere with never before seen mystical evils. Only two boys, Will Halloway and Jim Nightshade, stand in their way. These uncanny occurrences bring out the morality and malevolence of several characters in the story. In Bradbury’s work, there are many discrepancies in the moralities of each character relative to the development of the plot and their overall portrayal in the novel. Bradbury adds many instances in which certain characters have to make a choice between what they wish to do and what they should do. Such decisions accurately portray the conflict as an internal discontinuity between the ultimatums of good and evil. Thus, making the readers question his or her interpretation of each and challenge the societal parameters that encompass them.
“…And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.” (Matthew 6:9-13) As it says in the Bible, we wish to be led astray from evil. However, evil is a very curious subject. For most intensive purposes, evil can be described as cruel, heinous, and unnecessary punishment. Evil is a relatively accepted concept in the world today, although it is not completely understood. Evil is supposedly all around us, and at all times. It is more often than not associated with a figure we deem Satan. Satan is said to be a fallen angel, at one point God’s favorite. Supposedly Satan tries to spite God by influencing our choices, and therefore our lives. However, this presents a problem: The Problem of Evil. This argues against the existence of God. Can God and evil coexist?
The Deductive Problem of Evil One of the major philosophical debates concerning God's existence involves the problem of evil. The problem has two basic formulations, one is deductive, the other inductive. The deductive form of the problem asks the following: Is the existence of evil logically compatible with a necessarily benevolent and necessarily omnipotent being? One of the philosophers who discusses the problem is Richard Gale. I will begin this essay by outlining the deductive problem of evil according to Gale.
My claim that we have evil in this world because of our libertarian freedom does not fully answer the notion of “the problem of evil”. Saying we have evil in this world is just like saying we have bad decisions in this world. Bad decisions just like evil do not have a form. Every decision that God makes is a good decision therefore God cannot do evil. Human beings initiated evil. In fact, the first human beings (Adam and Eve) gave ongoing birth to evil because everyone ultimately came from them. So everyone after Adam and Eve is inherently evil. This idea is evident in our lives because every human being has committed evil. The ultimate problem is not how an all-powerful God can exist while evil exist, the ultimate dilemma is how a holy God can accept human beings that are not holy. Stephen T. Davis in “Free Will and Evil” writes, “All the moral evil that exists in the world is due to the choices of free moral agents whom God created” (Davis). Davis argues that free will is the answer to the problem of evil. This is consistent with my view that evil exists because of our libertarian freedom. Unlike Hick, Davis is consistent with my answer for evil and he is also consistent with how evil is solved in regards to heaven and hell. Davis states, “I do believe hell exists, but I do not hold that it is a place where protesting people are led against their will to be tortured vengefully. I believe that the people who will end up separated from God freely choose hell and would be unhappy in God’s presence. Having lived their lives apart from God, they will choose eternally—to go on doing so. So it is not a bad thing that they do not spend eternity in the presence of God. People who will prove to be incorrigibly evil will never come to th...
Design is a focused inquiry that enables the commander and staff to make sense of a complex situation, capture that understanding,17 and share the resulting cognitive map. Commanders use design to frame the environment, identify conditions contrary to US national interests, and describe the tensions resident in potential future conditions that describe a problem we must solve or manage. From that understanding of the environment, a critical analysis of the problem compared to the desired outcome based on projected future conditions occurs. The products of environmental and problem framing lead to the development of potential solutions. The design method is iterative, relies upon constant inquiry, and is inherently non-linear. Systems thinking and discourse based upon learning and assessments enable design and continue throughout planning and execution.18 For example, in Kosovo the desired political solution (essentially a Serbian-free Kosovo province) was developed in isolation from the realities of the environment. The strategic end state failed to consider the existing conditions, the potential actors, the tendencies within the environment, internal and external relationships, the patterns of resistance, as well as the opposition to or support of any proposed solutions. The 78-day bombing
Rittel, Horst and Melvin Webber (1973) “Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning,” Policy Sciences 4, Elsevier Scientific Publishing, Amsterdam,
“God whispers to us in our pleasures, speaks to us in our conscience, but shouts in our pains: It is His megaphone to rouse a deaf world” (Lewis, 1994, p. 91). Throughout history man has had to struggle with the problem of evil. It is one of the greatest problems of the world. Unquestionably, there is no greater challenge to man’s faith then the existence of evil and a suffering world. The problem can be stated simply: If God is an all-knowing and all-loving God, how can He allow evil? If God is so good, how can He allow such bad things to happen?Why does He allow bad things to happen to good people? These are fundamental questions that many Christians and non-Christians set out to answer.
Many theorists (Lynch, 2003, Mintzberg, 1990, Ansoff, 1991) will argue that the two main schools of strategic planning are the prescriptive, also known as intended, and emergent approaches. Both are debated widely about which is the better approach; recognised best by Idenburg (1993). Prescriptive strategies focus on planning; where predictions of the future are made, leading to long term decisions where the main elements of the strategy have been specially planned before being commenced and as stated by Mintzberg, 1990 "Strategy formation should be a controlled, conscious process of thought". The emergent approach relies on the fact that the outcome of the objective is not known; in contradiction to the prescriptive approach it is not a 'controlled, conscious process of thought' and has been described by Downs, et al (2003) as a trial and error process. The importance of strategy within organisations has been discussed as early as the 1950's with ...
2. Alterative Solutions – Before this class when faced with a problem I would usually go with the first solution that seemed to fix the situation. However, establishing specific evaluation criteria is essential when valuing the merits of a potential solution. If a solution does not fit the criteria, it will not be successful. Judging alternatives through the same criteria allows you to produces the optimal solution and eliminate awful ones. When facing a strategic problem this process will be fundamental in making a
Planning proved to be the first big obstacle to learn in the road to efficient
Topic: 1, Does the Problem of Evil show that God does not exist? Justify your answer and respond to possible objections.
“Planning: is specifying the goals to be achieved and deciding in advance the appropriate actions needed to achieve those goals” (Bateman & Snell, 2004, p. 16).
This makes is challenging to develop creative alternates to solutions and meet participate objectives.
Woods & Davies (2007) states that technologists and scientists have always been involved in efforts to predict what is likely go wrong when dealing with a specific project (p.25). Potential problem analysis is a systematic approach to predict problem and contingency planning for preventing the occurrence of the problem and/or minimize its effect. This systematic approach was developed following the extensive research by Kepner and Tregoe in 1965 towards improving problem solving and decision