Jennie Ivey
Professor M. Walker
PHOA 305
04 Nov 2016
Ultrasound: Scientific Imaging and Digital Technologies
Lazzaro Spallanzani, an Italian biologist, could be credited for the discovery of high frequency 'ultrasound', when he demonstrated in 1794 the ability of bats piloting precisely in the dark was through echo reflection from high frequency inaudible sound.
Professor Ian Donald, an English Physician from the University of Glasgow, Scotland invented the photographic Ultrasound in 1957. Ian Donald was born December 27, 1910 Paisley, United Kingdom and Died June 19, 1987. Donald’s accomplishments amazed the world with an invention that would change the Science of Medicine forever.
Inventor: Ian Donald Printed: Unknown Published:
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Unknown Donald that saw that the Ultrasound could penetrate the human body in a noninvasive method, which means that the sounds waves would be at high-frequency in order to produces images and not allowing the scope of the waves to effect the hearing of humans. With the Ultrasound; physicians could see inside the human body and conclude by the Digital Imaging the illnesses on human tissues, bones and even the development of a fetus inside the womb. One key innovator of the photographic ultrasound process is Jeffery Elias, M.D.
Neurologist who was born in Durham, North Carolina in 1968. He is the leading researcher and Associate Professor of Neurosurgery at the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center in Charlottesville. Elias conducted the first-ever clinical trial to treat essential tremors with focused ultrasound surgery technology in 2011.
Copyright © 2016 Jeffery Elias. Rector and Board of Visitors
CElias uses both black and white media as well as color in the digital imaging in his practice. Elias has been recommended for numerous awards including “School of Medicine Excellence in Clinical Medicine “in 2002. Not to mention, Elias received an award from “Focused Ultrasound Foundation” for his clinical studies on patients that suffer from Parkinson’s disease and Movement Disorder.
Elias impact was that the numerous trials of treatment showed volumes of his commitment to his patients and their families thereby showing preventive measures in treating the Parkinson’s disease head on. This new alternative to traditional surgery requires no incision or opening of the skull. It is similar to using a magnifying glass to focus multiple beams of light on a single point to start a fire. They focus thousands of beams of ultrasound energy on a single spot in the body. These focused ultrasound beams heat and destroy the targeted area without damaging surrounding
tissue. Jeff Elias, MD, led the trial demonstrating the safety and effectiveness of focused ultrasound for treating tremor. https://neurosciences.uvahealth.com/services/focused-ultrasound/focused-ultrasound/@@images/feature_image “This is a monumental day for people with essential tremor,” Elias said. “All patients want more options that are less invasive when they are faced with a surgical procedure. Also, this decision represents a great advance for focused ultrasound technology, which is now capable and available to treat disorders of the brain. Soon we are likely to see this incredible technology applied to other conditions and diseases of the brain.” (Elias, 2016) Copyright© Sean McKisic, PGYS https://i.ytimg.com/vi/cWt6FPAz6xs/hqdefault.jpg Before and After: Doctors focused ultrasound inside the brain of a patient with essential tremor, creating lesions [bottom row] deep within the brain [black spots inside white mass at center]. Credit: Focused Ultrasound Foundation) The process is used today for capturing photographs with ultrasound technology which allows for further studies into the detection of birth defects during pregnancy, osteoporosis in the elderly, cysts on the brain and potential blood flow in the arteries which if not treated early would be detrimental. Without these inventions the scientific progress would be lost and the greater need for understanding the illness would be obsolete. For over 40 years the implementation of the ultrasound has been at the forefront of medicine outlying the diagnosis of patients across the world. Nevertheless, the scientific realm has advanced in medicine as well as other fields but there’s still more to learn and digital imaging has become the reflection of science as a process not just a statistic. When we take into consideration the digital imaging software translates to the physicians the serious injuries of the patient and whether or not the diagnosis is good. Digital imaging of the 21st Century has evolved so that scientists and physicians can use data for future case studies in the medical field. It started in Scotland, from that point on photographic ultrasound technology has accomplished more in treating chronic diseases enabling and enhancing the capabilities for scientists, physics and even physicians. While this technology is always progressing, the invention of the ultrasound shall remain a strong focal point in Digital Imaging for years to come. Works Cited Boon, Kee Koon. “Shooting Beams at Brains Helps Ease Tremors in Patients”. WordPress. Published: August 16, 2013. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. EHow. Contributor. “Who Invented the First Ultrasound Machine.” Web. 2 Nov, 2 016. University of Virginia, editor. "FDA approves scalpel-free brain surgery for tremor pioneered at UVA." University of Virginia Health Systems, Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia,12 July 2016. Accessed 3 Nov. 2016. University of Virginia, editor. "Focused Ultrasound: Pioneer" University of Virginia Health Systems, Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia,12 July 2016. Accessed 3 Nov. 2016.
Diagnostic medical sonography is a profession where sonographers direct high-frequency sound waves into a patient’s body through the use of specific equipment to diagnose or monitor a patient’s medical condition. As described by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, this examination is referred to as an ultrasound, sonogram, or echocardiogram. The high-frequency sound waves emitted from the handheld device, called a transducer, bounce back creating an echo and therefore produce an image that can be viewed on the sonographers computer screen. This image provides the sonographer and physician with an internal image of the patient’s body that will be used in the diagnosis. The most familiar use of ultrasound is used in monitoring pregnancies and is provided by obstetric and gynecologic sonographers, who also provide imaging of the female reproductive system. Other types of sonography include; abdominal sonography, breast sonography, musculoskeletal sonography, neurosonography and cardiovascular sonography. Due to the vast nature of uses in sonography, most professionals study one field that they choose to specialize in. Diagnostic medical sonography is a rapidly growing field because of the increase in medical advances. The area of Cleveland, Ohio has continued to rise in the medical field with great strides, providing better career prospects with the availability of numerous employment positions.
The dream that I most desire in life is to become a Diagnostic Medical Sonographer. I’ve always had an interest in the inner workings of the human body, but I also value life, and care for others, and my happiness is the happiness of others. Although this career has its bumps on the road just to see mothers face light up when they see the image of their unborn baby is such a breath taking experience. This all originated from going to one of my sisters’ ultrasound appointment that I ended up going to all my sisters’ ultrasound appointments. I believe becoming a diagnostic medical sonographer is something I can do because I have what it takes. Diagnostic medical sonographer is imaging modality that can work in conjunction with other imaging modalities
Patented in 1928 by Leon Theremin, the theremin has not escaped its original status as a novelty instrument. Most people have heard the theremin, even though they may not recognize it. The theremin is a staple of sci-fi films, particularly classic ones. It is not as prominent today but it has featured in recent movies such as Mars Attacks and Ed Wood.
During the cold winter of 1895, a German scientist by the name of Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen was working with a cathode-ray tube when he noticed nearby crystals were glowing. When Roentgen reached for the crystals he was amazed when the shadow cast on the crystal was not of his whole hand, but just his bones. Roentgen covered the tube with heavy black paper and saw that the crystals still glowed and the shadow of his hand bones still shown through, he then determined that a new ray was being emitted that could penetrate through thick materials. (1.) He later found that the rays could pass through most anything, but would cast a shadow of solid objects; these shadows could then be captured on film. Among the solid objects Roentgen shot with these rays was human tissue, the rays would penetrate the tissue, but the bones would cast a shadow, which could then be caught on film. One of Roentgen’s first experiments with X-rays was on his wife’s hand where, on the film, you could see her hand bones and her wedding ring. (1.) While the discovery of x-rays was a huge advancement in medical technology, they were not used in the medical field at first. Instead the mystical invisible rays that could penetrate solid objects were used in the industrial field.
Choosing this field is something that has a profound connection with my personal life. Becoming a Diagnostic Medical sonographer would mean that I have accomplished life long dream. Ever since I was a little, I always wanted to be in the medical field. I have always had a big heart and wanted to help people so when I saw the important role that sonographers play in the medical field, it became clear to me that being a sonographer was exactly what I want to do with my life. In 2007 someone who was very important to me passed away due to gastric cancer. When my grandmother, who was a mother, father, and a friend to me, was diagnosed with gastric cancer my world collapsed. It was devastating news, not only for me but also for the whole family.
Being able to identify lumps, swelling, tissue damage, cysts, and the overwhelming news of the sex of a baby all have something in common, an ultrasound. Swelling of the spleen, kidney stones, blood clots, aneurysms, cancer and so much more can be identified through the works of an ultrasound’s imaging technique. Ultrasound involves many concepts, procedures, and careers. The amount of medical possibilities involved with ultrasounds is useful in major medical diagnostics. The field of ultrasounds and career opportunities are widely growing. As medical careers flourish, needs for technicians in many fields of medicine are increasing. Instead of a doctor choosing complex and risky surgery to find out problems within the body, they can now choose a safer path; the ultrasound path. Patient’s history and physical evaluation are building blocks to diagnostics but ultrasounds are much greater. They are powerful tools used to see beyond the skin into the depths of a person’s body. What ultrasounds are, what types there are, and what they are used for, and the education and careers available are the major themes found in research on the subject. Knowledge of ultrasound and its background may help one decide what career is best for them. Understanding the wide array of diagnostic tests and their uses are essential to figuring out what a career as a sonographer entails and the type of education that is needed. Because there are plenty of possibilities for specializing with different technologies, there is a wide variety of job opportunities in the medical imaging career. The call for ultrasound’s assistance opens new paths in future high-quality careers.
Mayo Clinic Staff. "Bell's Palsy." Diagnosis at Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clinic, 27 Mar. 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. .
Dr. Benjamin Carson is a world-renowned neurosurgeon and former director of pediatric neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. Described as "one of the acknowledged miracle workers of modern medicine" by Christopher Phillips of Reader's Digest, Carson received recognition throughout the medical community for his skill in performing complex and delicate neurosurgical procedures, primarily on children. Among his accomplishments are a number of successful hemispherectomies, a complicated surgical process in which a portion of the brain of a critically ill seizure victim or other neurologically diseased patient is removed to restore normal function. Carson performed his most famous operation--one that gained him international
In general, ultrasound waves produced by an instrument called transducer are sent into a patient. Some of the waves are absorbed, but the other portion of these waves are reflected when tissue and organ boundaries are encountered. The echoes produced by the reflected waves are then picked up by the transducer and translated in a visible picture often referred to as ultrasound. In the paragraphs that follow, the physics of how the transducer functions, what the ultrasound waves do, and how the image is formed will be explained.
The stethoscope that we know today is not the stethoscope that was invented nearly 200 years ago. In 1816, a young physician in Paris, France, named R.T.H. Laennec, created the first recorded stethoscope, thanks to his noble convictions. You see, Dr. Laennec was examining a female patient, and was embarrassed to put his ear to her chest. This was common practice among physicians in this time period, but Laennec was simply resistant. Instead, he recalled that sound travels through solid materials. He rolled up 24 sheets of paper, and placed one end to his patient’s chest. The other end he placed to his ear, and to his amazement, listened to the noises of her chest cavity. Not only could he hear the sounds his patient was making, he noticed the sounds were louder and clearer.
In 1980, Olaf von Ramm and Stephen Smith introduced the three-dimensional ultrasound into the medical field. Eventually, in 1987, they were granted a patent. Since then, the use of this device has grown tremendously; however, it still is not used as often as the traditional two dimensional
Daniel Colloden used a bell to measure the speed of sound underwater in 1822. After the Titanic sunk, the idea of using sound underwater to locate objects, primarily icebergs, was taken up by inventors. Lewis Richardson, a meteorologist, was the first to file a patent for an echo locator one month after the Titanic had sunk. In 1914, Reginald Fessenden made an experimental unit, which was able to detect icebergs within a two-mile range, but it could not determine the direction.
A person rushes into the emergency room; he begins to complain of an extremely sharp intense pain in their stomach. The physician is puzzled to what might be causing the severe pain and calls in for an emergency MRI scan. The patient struggles to walk as the atrocious pain cripples him onto the floor; then a radiologist steps in the room and quickly starts the MRI procedure. The radiologist decisively identifies a piece of metal inside his stomach, after routine procedures he is hastily rushed to an operating room where they then excises the metal and the patient makes a full recover. Without a doubt, the man was able to live thanks to the efforts of the hospital staff; especially quick identification of the foreign object by the radiologist. However, radiology is not the career for everyone, but it is the pinnacle of healthcare science occupations.
Before the discovery of X-rays in 1895, it was impossible to look inside human body, without causing harmful side effects. The famous quote of Anna Bertha Ludwig - “I have seen my death” is a testimony to this. In ancient times, the only way to study internal human organs was the dissection of dead bodies. Additionally, this was also subject to availability or religious beliefs. Leonardo da Vinci made 240 detailed sketches between 1510 and 1511, which were way ahead of their time. Unfortunately, it could not be published, except for a small amount in 1632. Images aide in visualization of illnesses (e.g. a malignant tumor), which are impossible to observe from outside of the body. A surgeon must know the various attributes of the tumor like location and size, before she can operate on it. Similarly an oncologist needs this information to decide the course of treatment e.g. tumor size and metabolic activity may be needed to determine the number of chemotherapy sessions. With images, all this information can be obtained without cutting open the patient. And what’s remarkable is that u...
Research on animal sonar can be traced back to the work of the Italian scientist Lazzaro Spallanzani in the 1770s. He observed that bats could fly freely in a dark room where owls were helpless. He was amazed to observe that bats that had been blinded could fly and avoid obstacles as well as those that could see. Then, a Swiss scientist Jurine found that the bats became helpless and collided with obstacles with ears waxed. He concluded that the bats’ hearing was an important component of the bats’ orientation and obstacles avoidance capabilities.