Technology:
Examples of Sumerian technology include items such as the wheel, cuneiform, arithmetic and geometry, irrigation systems, boats, calendar, bronze, leather, saws, chisels, hammers, braces, bits, nails, pins, rings, hoes, axes, knives, lance points, arrowheads, swords, glue, daggers, water-skins, bags, harnesses and armor.
Mathematics:
The Sumerians invented and developed a type of arithmetic by using different numbering systems including an alternating base of 10 and 6. Around 4000BC the Sumerians developed a method of measurement that resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry and algebra. They were the first to use a place value numeral system and the first to find the area of a triangle in addition how to determine the volume of a cube. Approximately 2600BC the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets with the first abacus appearing in 2300BC.
Cuneiform Writing:
The Sumerian 's
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As a result from the constant irrigation, floods and the high evaporation rate of water all of which caused a build-up of salinity in the fields. By the end of the Ur III period farmers had to change from wheat to a more salt-tolerant barley as their principal crop. Due to the amount cereals, mixed grains, wheat and barley that were grown the Sumerians became one of the first cultures to make and drink beer.
Military:
The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level. The first war recorded with any detail on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures was between Lagash and Umma in 2525BC.
Foot-soldiers carrying spears and leather or wicker shields along with wearing copper helmets while others rode in chariots pulled by wild asses called onagers. Besides the normal two-wheeled chariots, four-wheel chariots also were used to transport soldiers.
Sumerian
The Epic of Gilgamesh is generally regarded as the greatest literature about tales of a great king. The Epic of Gilgamesh served to show us a lot of things. The time period of BCE is very blurry, and this story attempts to describe many different things in not only Sumerian beliefs, but also Sumerian's culture as a whole. Like many stories from BCE the truth itself is questionable, even though a lot of the information is fact. The factual information that Gilgamesh teaches us about Sumerian Civilization is that had had many craftsman and artistic skills, and also a strong belief in Gods.
On their feet they carried jungle boots—2.1 pounds. O’Brien 2. In this example, after many hours of carrying these supplies, the soldiers would start to break down physically. Fatigue and muscle pain start to cloud their vision and judgment. The weight of the things that they carried had devastating effects on their bodies, but the soldiers had to endure.
Abstract: This paper gives an insight into the Mathematics used by the American Indians. The history of American Indians and how they incorporated mathematics into their lives is scarce. However from the information retrieved by Archeologists, we have an idea of the type of mathematics that was used by American Indians.
"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature." Last modified 12 18, 2002. Accessed March 10, 2014. http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/index1.htm.
The school system of the Sumerians set the educational standards for Mesopotamia culture and other cultures to follow. Their studies included mathematics, botany and linguistics. Some students tha...
Mesopotamia’s first invention was a form of writing called cuneiform which was written on clay tablets with a sharp reed called a stylus. This permitted for recording events and writing formal laws. The Sumerians, a civilization in Mesopotamia designed the wheel which was used to help transfer heavy objects to and from places. They also began constructing daggers, spears and chariots, which has led to their successful wars. The Mesopotamians were also responsible for the first laws and the discoveries of glass, sailboats, and ziggurats. With interest high in religion and mythology, Sumerians and their successors worshiped gods and goddesses just like Egyptians, Greeks, and Aegean cultures.
To start out, the Sumerians invented cuneiform, which had a major impact on the future. It was invented 5,000 years ago (Doc. 1). They used it to keep records about their crops, business dealings, and occasionally love letters (OI). They also used cuneiform to write myths (OI). Cuneiform was written on clay tablets, then baked
Ancient Mesopotamia was one of the most culturally significant civilizations in the early world and the Mesopotamians also produced some of the earliest known recipes. Among these recipes was the palace cake. This is an ancient dessert dating back to the Third Millennium, which originated in the city of Ur around 2100 B.C.E. The name of the cake itself is very fitting because it looked elegant and was to be served and enjoyed at the palace of a Sumerian king or queen by the higher citizens of Ur during feasts or banquets. The ingredients for the desert included: 3 sila of chopped dates, 1/3 sila of raisins, 2 teaspoons of ground fennel, 1/3 sila of cottage cheese, 1 sila of butter, 2 eggs, 2/3 sila of milk, and 1 ½ sila of flour (Kaufman). While the cake itself is important, the specific ingredients, the environment, and the the food connotations to their culture also had a large impact on the Mesopotamian society.
The citizens of this civilization were predominately farmers, growing loads of various crops, such as wheat, barley, melons, and dates. They were even the first to associate with cotton by weaving the fibers into cloth. Some were even merchants and traders, their ships that carried cotton cloth, grain, copper, pearls, and ivory combs to lands that were quite distant from them. Since they were pretty familiar with the sailing from the Arabian Sea coast and the Persian Gulf, they came in contact with Sumer, developing
Soldiers were forced to live like turtles, carrying their “homes” (tents and such) along with them in battle. Their equipment was also a hassle, but protected them well in battle. It consisted of mainly helmets and shields. They also carried personal equipment such as shoes, belts, over garments, etc. A soldier had to carry his weapons and artillery with him as well. He had spears, pilums, and pikes to be heaved at enemies. Pilums are spear like weapons that would be thrown at enemies in an attempt to pierce them through their shields. Gladiuses (swords) and Pugios (daggers) were the common hand held weapons. The Gladius was the perfect weapon for the legions because of their light weight and maneuverability. The Pugio was not only a weapon of war, but also had many common purposes.
The Neolithic Period, which includes events from 12,000 years ago, is one of the most important revolutions to occur in history. The Neolithic lifestyle was established first in the Middle East, and then later in the Yellow river basin in China, which then spread over the years into the Western Hemisphere. During this time period, the domestication of plants and animals and the development of cities was starting to become more prominent and well known to many different civilizations across many different countries. It consisted of many changes in human cultures from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of farming and settlement, which supported a larger population. As civilizations expanded, so did traditions and techniques. A major technological and cultural change to modern ways of thinking and acting began in Western Europe, and from these beginning new approaches to science and law spread quickly around the world. It spread to countries, causing more people to become aware of when and where to properly irrigate a crop, which type of area had the best security, and other common living strategies. Surely enough, many years later, traditions are the same as they were thousands of years ago. Although traditions may not have changed, the way people think about their God and religions have changed from culture to culture. Throughout the years, men and women from the Middle West completely changed their relationship from nature, to a more independent lifestyle; human beings learned to have more control over their lives.
Sumerians created writing in 3200 B.C., which at the time, was used for recording and communication. However, from 10,000- 40,000 B.C., cave paintings...
The Harappan culture belongs to bronze age. The people of Harappa used many tools made of bronze and stone like axes, chisels, knives, spearheads and more.
Also, they were considered the first people to use a metal plow in farming due to their development of the bronze which they also used in making weapons and tools. But one of their most prize contribution to this world is their invention of writing. From one of the empires of the Mesopotamians, the Sumerians are responsible for the oldest writing system that exist in this world. They called their form of writing as cuneiform which is composed of shape marks that represent syllables (Mark,
The history of math has become an important study, from ancient to modern times it has been fundamental to advances in science, engineering, and philosophy. Mathematics started with counting. In Babylonia mathematics developed from 2000B.C. A place value notation system had evolved over a lengthy time with a number base of 60. Number problems were studied from at least 1700B.C. Systems of linear equations were studied in the context of solving number problems.