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Outliers analysis
Outliers analysis
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Recommended: Outliers analysis
OUTLIERS:
There are two types of Outliers
1. Milled symbol O might be outlier.
2. Static symbol sure outlier.
To remove the outliers while using SPSS:
Path: Graph Legacy Dialogs Box Plot.
Case Processing Summary Cases Valid Missing Total N Percent N Percent N Percent a 23 100.0% 0 0.0% 23 100.0%
There seems that there is a milled outlier at position 8.
HYPOTHESIS:
Always we have claims to run the test of hypothesis
First to identify is this statement weather is claimable or not.
1. Null Hypothesis always for population
• Impartial / unbiased
• Symbol = Ho
2. Alternative Hypothesis called research hypothesis
• Always contain educated test
• Study / research that’s why it is called Educated
• Alternative
In Outliers, Malcolm Gladwell argues that there is no such thing as a self-made man, and that success is only the result of a person’s circumstances. However, throughout the novel Gladwell points out that your circumstances and opportunities only help you become successful if you are willing to take advantage of them and work hard. From a twelve year old living in the Bronx, to those who were born at just the right time to become millionaires, one thing is the same throughout; these people because successful because they seized the opportunities they were given. The advantages and opportunities that came from their circumstances would not be important if they had not grasped them. Every successful man is self made, because he has seized the
Any hypothesis, Gould says, begins with the collection of facts. In this early stage of a theory development bad science leads nowhere, since it contains either little or contradicting evidence. On the other hand, Gould suggests, testable proposals are accepted temporarily, furthermore, new collected facts confirm a hypothesis. That is how good science works. It is self-correcting and self-developing with the flow of time: new information improves a good theory and makes it more precise. Finally, good hypotheses create logical relations to other subjects and contribute to their expansion.
In the article Victims and Offenders in Two Crime Statistics Programs: A Comparison of the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), (herein after NCVS and NIBRS will be called “systems” when referencing the statistics of the nature of the crimes), the comparison of the two reporting systems for crimes are similar. These two reporting systems are a visual representation of the crimes that are reported. They do not account for crimes that are not reporting or crimes that are reported after the date. They report crime only when there is an official report, such as one by the officer that comes to the scene of the crime to take statements from the individuals. NCVS and NIBRS are only report burglary, larceny, aggravated assault, and vehicle theft. They do not report on more serious crimes such as rape or murder.
the observed test statistic is the Z value on the that leads to a probability of 83/100 or .83
Everyday we pass people, some people walk with nothing in their hands, while other people seem to carry the whole world on their shoulders. You can’t always tell when someone is carrying something, but most of the time you can see in their face how much weight they bear. The novel The Things They Carry by Tim O’Brien, is all about weight it’s infinite forms, from the weight of a gun with the sole purpose of killing, to the guilt felt by men taking lives, it’s all about carrying the weight.
Anyone could be a victim of a hate crime. People can be victims of hate crime for a characteristic such as gender. A victim of a hate crime may possess a certain characteristic that the perpetrator views in a negative way, which in turn causes them to commit the criminal act against the victim. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) people are more likely to be victimized for their race (Latest Hate Crime Statistics, para 9). No one can change the color of their skin, which is why it is unfair that these people are victims. There are many more characteristics than just someone’s race that could make him or her a target for hate crime. The definition for hate crime is extremely broad, which in turn makes the amount of victims
As a population, we are bombarded with percentages and statistics, but how does one know if what we are being told is correct? The book How to Lie With Statistics by Darrel Huff was written to help readers better understand statistics especially when they are presented to us in ways that can be misleading or misunderstood. The book is not meant as a guide on how to change or manipulate statistical numbers. However, if statistics are not presented properly or perhaps purposely misleading people, this book will help readers question or form their own opinions from data. Most people simply are not that interested when you hear the word statistics and many times people do not believe the numbers presented. This mistrust occurs most often for two reasons: the person not being able to see the raw data and where or how it was collected and the person not being able to verify the credibility of the information presented. Throughout the book, Huff discusses different statistical techniques that can be used improperly and how one can discern good statistics from those that may have been manipulated.
Learning About Crime From Official Statistics In order to enlighten the general public and policy makers about the extent of crime, the crime dilemma itself must first be measured. Therefore it can be seen, that the research carried out towards crime is a fundamental subject in itself. There are a diversity of methods used in order to study the extent of crime, such methods include; statistics, surveys, questionnaires, biographies, interviews etc… The research methods used can be both quantitative and qualitative. There are two primary sources of data used in order to assist the general public in learning about the extent of crime; these are generally termed ‘official’ and ‘unofficial statistics’.
A confirmation bias is when an individual searches for information that he or she believes in while ignoring any evidence that may contradict, or oppose it. An example of a confirmation bias that I have experienced in my own life is when I was writing a research paper on stem cell research for my biology class. While writing the research paper, I only researched and wrote about the positive aspects of stem cell research, and neglected to research any negative aspects because as the time I believed that stem cell research was primarily beneficial, and as a result I only wrote about the positive aspects on the topic.
Two of the most useful types of statistics are known as descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics is the term that is used to describe the analysis done to summarize the data from a population in a meaningful way; typically, through graphs and charts. On the other hand, inferential statistics is a way of making generalizations about a population of interest from a small sample size (Descriptive and Inferential Statistics, n.d.).
Violence motivated by difference and the demonization of Other, or as we now refer to it, hate crimes, are not a new phenomenon. Hate crimes are hard to define, since many hate crimes, like the Holocaust, were legal, and hard to identify since hate crimes are under reported. To be able to define hate crimes, we must understand that crime is as process (Perry, 8). It does not occur in a vacuum nor is it completely over when the perpetrator moves on. Hate crime involves historical information and the relationship between actors. Hate crime are usually directed at marginalized groups and minorities (Perry, 9) and contributed to future marginalization. In addition politics and social condition build the hierarchy which conditions hate crime (Perry,
A hate crime can be defined as a crime driven by sexual, racial or other prejudice, usually one including violence.
The Webster dictionary defines crimes as a serious offense against the public law, and statistics as a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, and interpretation of masses of numerical data (Merriam-Webster, 1999). Crimes statistic are vital to the Criminal Justice system for numerous reasons. Not only do law enforcement agencies use it as a tool to assign resources and plan their budgets, but it is vital in tracking the latest trends in criminal behavior. Crime statistics also aide criminologist and law enforcement agencies to predict crime, analyze crime, and even prevent crime. For this assignment we will be using the (FBI), Uniform Crime Reporting website and choose two cities and discuss various crime statistic for each city. The discussion will cover violent crime as well as property crime. We will discuss the demographic breakdown of both cities and draw conclusion as to what affect it
Theory is an important part of discovering and understanding why people commit crime. It is difficult to understand how a prejudice or bias towards someone can be linked to criminal behavior. The general theory of crime coined by Travis Hirschi and Michael Gottfredson can be applied to hate crime. The general theory of crime explains that people are born pre-disposed to crime and that they have natural tendencies to commit crime (Tibbetts, 2015, p 161). The only difference between those who are criminals and non-criminals would be their self-control (Tibbetts, 2015, p 161). Self-control is a key component to the general theory of crime. Not everyone acts on his or her thoughts of someone criminally, or even at all. The difference between people who do not choose to commit crime, would be their difference in self-control. People who commit crime have low self-control, and people who are law-abiding citizens have high self-control.
Cultural Diversity and Defining Abnormality All ways of defining of abnormality are limited to a certain extent by cultural variations. This makes it difficult for psychologists to be sure that their definition technique would be effective and accurate in diagnosing all cases of abnormality. The main issue for psychologists regarding cultural diversity is that what may be considered normal in one place may be abnormal in another and therefore psychologist must consider this fact before making a diagnosis. Although the deviation from statistical norm and deviation from ideal mental health definitions are affected by cultural differences as I will discuss briefly later, it is the other two definitions which are affected on a larger scale.