Part 1: Critically assess the argument that electronic bills of lading are better and more effective than paper bills of lading.
This essay will answer the first part of the question by at first introducing bills of lading, their history and features and then explain what electronic bills of lading are.
Bills of lading originated as a result of Mediterranean trading during the 11th or 12th century AD when records of the goods loaded (where the word ‘lading’ comes from) on to ships over long distances were kept.
During the early part of the 20th century rules were drawn up by the International Law Association called the Hague Rules that aimed at regulating the obligations and the liabilities of those carrying the goods by sea.
A bill of lading documents the type, destination and quantity of the good being transported and also serves as a receipt of shipment when the goods reach their destination. Being a legal document between the carrier and the shipper, which must be signed by both and also signed by the recipient, a bill of lading can be treated as evidence under many different laws as it is a document of title.
Due to it being a document of title the shipment will be incomplete without the documentation; therefore it cannot be passed on to the correct party when the goods are presented at the port of destination stipulated in the ocean bill of lading.
Bills of lading are usually made in three original pieces or parts which are sent off to the consignee by mail, another is sent off to with the goods and the last is retained by the shipper. Sometimes the master of the ship retains a copy for their own personal reference. An example copy of a bill of lading may be seen in appendix one, at the end of this essay.
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...head?: Norms, freedom and acceptable terms in internet contracting’ (2010) 14 Journal of Internet Law 18-31
If one tries to design and implement a bundled payment system with commercial payers, he or she would immediately find that there exist complex legal issues of Fraud and Abuse to consider. This is mainly because the applicable laws were not designed to such types of systems. Although it may require a significant amount of time and effort to set up a compliant bundled payment system, I believe that it is possible to create such systems, and eventually, to overcome legal challenges for Fraud and Abuse. This paper hypothesizes that in designing commercial bundled payment system, increased utilization of applicable exceptions of related laws can reduce the potential legal risk of Fraud and Abuse.
There are many laws in place by the United States government to protect consumers. This term paper will examine one law in particular, The Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) of 1986. “The ECPA applies to both government and private entities, but appears to be more restrictive concerning government interception and access.” [1] The ECPA was put in place to protect individual’s electronic communication rights from being violated. Without a law of this type, our on-line world would be a welcome mat for anyone who wanted to invade our lives.
Mayer D., Warner D.M., Siedel G. J., and Lieberman J. K. Business law and the legal environment. (Vol. 1.0.1). flatworldknowledge.com. Retrieved from
The bill of lading under a charterparty is just a certificate of receipt for the charterer, the bill of lading is not to be seen as a contract of carriage of goods by sea due to the relationship between the shipowner and charterer under a charterparty. When the bill of lading issued by the shipowner is transferred to a third party by the charterer, the right-obligation relationship between the shipowner and the bill of lading indorsee will be effected by the international conventions that related to the bill of lading. And that means the terms governing the relationship between the shipowner and a bill of lading indorsee will be different from the terms originally agreed with the charterer, the shipowner will exposed to greater liability than he initially anticipated. Obviously, the shipowner does not want to see that happen. Under this circumstance, the shipowner always wonder that the terms of the charterparty can be carried through into the terms of bill of lading contracts. So whether it is a charterparty or a bill of lading, the liability of the shipowner would always be the same, and that led to the development of incorporation clause.
Before intermodal containers were developed, goods were moved from land to sea using crates, pallets, sacks, or boxes. The man-hours to load and unload freight were labor intensive. After World War II, Malcolm McLean developed the first container. The container was constructed out of 2.5 mm corrugated steel, and was eight feet tall and ten feet long. However, there was substantial hesitation in containerized shipments be...
soon have several ships in port, agrees to part with a pound of flesh if the
Deirdre M. Warner-Kramer & Krista Canty, Stateless Fishing Vessels: The Current International Regime and a New Approach, (2000).
Corporate law is an area of law that directly relates to dealings with corporations within our legal system. “In Ontario, law compromises of statutes, regulations and cases. This means that to understand the law in any area, you must familiarize yourself with the statute or statutes that relate to that area, check related regulations where required, and read cases that show you how the courts have applied those statutes and regulations in real life situations” (Corporate Law for Ontario Businesses, 2012, pg. 2). In this paper I will be doing just that. I am going to be looking at a particular case that happened and examine how the courts applied legal regulations to a real life situation. I will also be examining what it means for a corporation to be a separate legal entity, as well as the level of importance a shareholder has within a company. All of these topics directly relate to the case I will be examining and are important to knowing in order to understand why the court made the decision that they did. Lastly, I will be discussing my own personal opinions on the case and the decision made by the courts.
The use of credit and debit cards today are taking a tour in the sense that electronic cash is becoming more admissible as the world makes a switch towar...
Many controversies have arisen nowadays as to whether international law is “natural law”, international law now faces considerable criticism as to its effectiveness as law and doubts as to its actual existence, and its power to bind countries .
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) has been managing maritime issues fundamentally for years and acceptable as the basic convention on solving maritime dilemmas. Not only dispute among states but also managing sea resources among states. Remarkably, maritime issues have been developing into more complex and complicated regarding the modernization, globalization and transnational problems. This convention alone is not enough to provide complete guidance to manage the confronting interests on the sea.
To some, this prospect may seem daunting. However, given the major advantages of electronic money over outmoded paper counterpart, society as a whole should embrace the upcoming era of digital money. Digital money is undeniably convenient; anyone who has used a credit or debit card understands this. However, the era of digital money is only beginning; rapid technological advances will continue to make paper money a remnant of the past. Several innovations are already lessening the burden in your wallet.
Communication modern technological tools that have been enhanced by Information Technology are having an impact on changing the very structure and communication of banking. That is, clients are enabled to make their banking transactions whenever and wherever they want. Bank clients, by just logging on their online account, can transfer any amount of money from their account to any other account, check their last processed banking transactions and apply for loans and other banking services. According to Keyes ( 2000, p.591) 'electronic checks provide consumers with the benefits of convenience and safety while allowing billers to maintain their existing depository relationships with their banks'. Further, e-mails has enabled bank employees to notify their customers of any new enhanced bankin...