Discount Rate
The Federal Reserve uses two other types of tools besides the open market operations (OMO), and they are the discount rates and reserve requirements. The FOMC is responsible for the OMO and the discount rate and reserve requirements are taken care by the Federal Reserve System’s Board of Governors. The three fundamental tools can influenced the demand and supply of and the balances that depository institution hold which can result in the change in federal funds rate.
In 1913, the Federal Reserve System was enacted, it has three primary objectives; eradicating the “pyramiding” of reserves in New York City and substitute it with a polycentric system of twelve reserve banks, which will help the banks with a more seasonal elastic supply of credit and minimize the tendency for banking panics (Calomiris, 1993). The discount rate that is set by the Federal Reserve System is used for interest rates charged to the commercial banks and other banks for overnight loans (discount window) borrowed from the Federal Reserve (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2013). By discounting the loan rate, the banks would have lower liquidity problems because banks are able to borrow at a lower rate, which then reduces the pressure in the reserve markets and keeping the financial markets constant. To help the depository institutions, primary credit, the Federal Reserve Bank developed three rates of discount window, namely primary credit, secondary credit and seasonal credit.
Firstly, the primary credit program allows depository institution with solid financial condition to extend its loans for a very short period of time such as overnight loans. Primary credit rates are lower because the depository institutions are firm, meani...
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..., restrictive monetary policy is used to slow the GDP growth rate and reduce the inflation rate. All in all, both monetary policies are used and to alter inflation and GDP growth rate and then to support economic activity.
The other two tools that can be used by the Federal Reserve apart from the Open Market Operation are the discount rate and reserve requirements. The three tools mentioned can change the federal funds rate. The discount rate is used to help the depository institution with its liquidity problems and there are three discount rates that the banks can use depending on their requirements, they are primary credit, secondary credit and seasonal credit. In addition, reserve ratio has help banks with stability and financial stress by having depository institutions to reserve amount of funds in the form of vault cash or deposit in the Federal Reserve Banks.
-1. How could the Federal Reserve prevent and solve financial crisis? – The function of Federal Reserve.
Monetary Policy is another policy used in Keynesianism which is a list of protocols designed to regulate the economy by setting the amount of money that is in circulation and controlled interest levels. The Federal Reserve system, also known as the central banking system in the U.S., which holds control of this policy. Monetary policy has three tools used by the Federal Reserve to enforce this policy. Reserve Requirement is the first tool that determines the lowest amount of money a bank must possess and is not able to lend out. The second way to enforce monetary policy is by using the discount rate or the interest rate a bank will charge.
Before we begin our investigation, it is imperative that we understand the historical role of the central bank in the United States. Examining the traditional motives of this institution over time will help the reader observe a direct correlation between it and its ability to manipulate an economy. To start, I will examine one of its central policies...
It may also need to increase its reserves by selling bonds, which would also lower the money supply (Brue, 2004, p. 274). Finally, the last tool the Fed can use is to adjust the discount rate. The discount rate is the interest rate at which the Federal Reserve charges commercial banks for a loan (Brue, 2004, p. 274).
Over the past few years we have realized the impact that the Federal Government has on our economy, yet we never knew enough about the subject to understand why. While taking this Economics course it has brought so many things to our attention, especially since we see inflation, gas prices, unemployment and interest rates on the rise. It has given us a better understanding of the effect of the Government on the economy, the stock market, the interest rates, etc. Since the Federal Government has such control over our economy, we decided to tackle the subject of the Federal Reserve System and try to get a better understanding of the history, the structure, and the monetary policy of the power that it holds. The Federal Reserve System is the central banking authority of the United States.
Monetary Policy involves using interest rates or changes to money supply to influence the levels of consumer spending and Aggregate Demand.
Author Unknown (1994). The Federal Reserve System: Purposes and Functions (5th ed.) Published by Library of Congress
However, the CFPB regulations are primarily targeting unsecured installment loans for relatively small amounts. With an unsecured loan, the lender has little more than the borrower 's word that payments will be made on time and that the loan will be repaid in full. These are the types of installment loans for bad credit that may soon become unavailable.
The implications of these findings are as follows. The works of these academics highlight the important point that there is higher volatility of capital charges for better quality credits (Goodhart & Taylor, 2004). This is because these credits face a steeper risk curve, as the movement within the ratings scale (from one rating to another) is much greater.
In the study of macroeconomics there are several sub factors that affect the economy either favorably or adversely. One dynamic of macroeconomics is monetary policy. Monetary policy consists of deliberate changes in the money supply to influence interest rates and thus the level of spending in the economy. “The goal of a monetary policy is to achieve and maintain price level stability, full employment and economic growth.” (McConnell & Brue, 2004).
The benefits of these lending options are huge as they have longer payment cycles and they're easy to get at, even being granted to those which may have a poor credit score. That is all because the guarantor is the federal government, which ensures the loan will be repaid taking the chance away from the lender or
-Advantages to the lender is possible flexibility to earn a large amount of total interest owed in the early years of the loan’s lifetime.
As we are moving to the end of the course, we want to present you with the Federal Reserve System (Fed), which is the central bank of the USA. We are going to explore the roles of Fed in regularizing the economy, its function, and also the tools used in doing that. We will learn how central banks regulate the banking system and how they manage money supply in economies. We will also be presented to the financial crises lessons we can be able to understand the importance of the regulatory system; and then, we answering questions such as:
The Federal Reserve use several tools like discount rate, federal funds rate, required reserve ratio and open market operations to control the money supply. In the simulation, the effect of controlling the money supply on the economy was presented. Typically, releasing money into the system results in higher Real GDP and lower unemployment. On the other hand, it also raises inflation.
These two policies use to try to shorten recessions. Fiscal policy has its initial impact in the goods markets, then monetary policy has its initial impact mainly in the assets markets, which both effect on both level of output and interest rates. (R. Dornbusch et al., 2008)