Since the beginning of Mary I’s reign in 1553, the question of whether she was a complete failure has been widely debated. This has divided historians into having either a traditionalist or revisionist viewpoint on Mary’s reign. Traditionalists fall on the spectrum of Mary being a failure; they believe that she did not have any significant achievements and failed to rule England with her unfulfilled Catholic restoration. However, revisionists fall on the other end of the spectrum of Mary being a successful monarch who has been overshadowed by the reign of her sister, Elizabeth I. In order to evaluate whether Mary was a complete failure, it is important to review the following factors: Mary’s religious reform back to Catholicism, her marriage …show more content…
At the beginning of her reign, England’s economic situation plummeted. She had inherited a debt of £185,000 from Edward VI along with inflation due to the debasement of coinage. It was important for Mary to restore the economy to prove her determination as a leader, and with the aid of William Paulet she implemented a string of successful economic policies. Revisionist historian Derrick Murphy provides a justified argument that ‘The Marian financial reforms were fundamental for Elizabeth’s solvency and thus for the Elizabeth achievement as a whole.’ His view is strengthened by evidence that Mary’s economic policies successfully continued into Elizabeth’s reign. The most significant reforms Elizabeth inherited were the 1558 Marian Book of Rates and the 1554 Court of Exchequer. The Marian Book of Rates was a vital economic success that fixed levels of duties on products, making new rates 100% higher. Not only this, but it dramatically raised customer revenue from £29,000 to £83,000. John Lotherington reinforces its importance as ‘The Marian Book survived until 1604, giving Mary greater success in this area even more than Henry VIII or Edward VI’, corroborating Murphy’s view. Although under-utilised by Elizabeth, the Marian Book of Rates was an undeniable triumph which contributed to the Marian economic recovery. The Court of Exchequer was another achievement in Mary’s economic reform, which replaced the Court of First Fruits and Tenths along with the Court of Augmentations. In consequence, revenue collection was more effective than ever and there was better efficiency in administrating finances when expanded. Again, Mary had proved successful in economic reform and the Court was heavily used by Elizabeth during her reign. Further support from the 1553 Proclamation of Recoinage states: ‘Coyns as well as gold and silver of the perfect fineness and of the standard of Stirling were
Burnings of Protestants and the Failure of Mary's Religious Policy After Mary had taken the throne from Lady Jane Grey in 1553, she had, in her view, the task of returning the church to the state it had been in at the start of 1534. By the end of the year of her accession, Mary had re-implemented the heresy laws and by her death in November 1558, a minimum of 287 Protestants had died in the flames at Smithfield and elsewhere across the country. At the end of Mary's reign Protestantism was
The Development of Thought on Frankenstein It is a story of horrors that has been, over time, adopted into cinema and television alike. However, the original story of Frankenstein written by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley from 1816 to 1817 in Geneva Switzerland differs greatly from its Hollywood renditions. When published in 1818, the 19 year old’s story was highly criticized for its style and many different critics offered interpretations based on the popular critical theories of the time
the speaker that seem encouraging: "Tell me that you're still in love with that Milkmaid/ how's the Lizzies/ how's your Jesus Christ been hanging" (Amos, Boys for Pele). Toriphiles and new listeners alike might concede that picking out who or what "the Lizzies" are is a daunting task. It is clear that they represent something and that their connection is more than likely appropriate, however, the reference is just not available. Who "the Milkmaid" may be remains another reference on the
life. Growing up in a world filled with racism and gender discrimination, Clifton challenged and overcame stereotypes about both blacks and women. Despite her early struggles, Clifton writes about her problems as she endeavors living to the fullest extent. As a child, Clifton remained thankful for her parents “gifts of poetry and storytelling” (Lupton 18). These experiences as an African-American living in an impoverished environment along with a lasting love for her community and family helped Clifton
Emma Woodhouse, who begins the novel "handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and a happy disposition" (Austen 1), suffers from a dangerous propensity to play matchmaker, diving into other’s lives, for what she believes is their own good. Despite this, she is a sympathetic character. Her matchmaking leads only to near-disasters and her expressions of remorse following these mistakes are sincere and resolute. Jane Austen's Emma concerns the social milieu of a sympathetic, but flawed young
by psychologists, sociologists, educationists, and politicians as a giant laboratory for unproven, untried theories of learning, resulting in a near collapse of public education. It is time we begin to move away from "what's new" and move toward "what works." The grim statistics According to the National Adult Literacy Survey, 42 million adult Americans can't read; 50 million can recognize so few printed words they are limited to a 4th or 5th grade reading level; one out of every four teenagers
have found it interesting because it is a work of art. It is the "Mona Lisa " of literature." "The grounds of Hamlet's failure are not immediately obvious."T.S.Eliot in his essay "Hamlet and His Problems", says this and after his analysis he concludes that in order to understand Hamlet - the play and the character - we need to understand things, which Shakespeare did not understand himself. A similar view is aired by A.C.Bradley who says that the character of Hamlet as one can understand
transformation of the character in the video illustrates that gender is a social construction and is, therefore, subject to conflicting construct. In conclusion, I would like to state that even though this paper has marked a clear difference between what is perceived through the eyes of a witness as opposed to a research, the grunge movement, although a media commodity, an ironic mainstream movement whose philosophy was to oppose the mainstream in the first place, has left its mark on the music industry
industries in the United States, indeed the World, the internal workings of the 'dream factory' that is Hollywood is little understood outside the business. The Hollywood Studio System: A History is the first book to describe and analyse the complete development, classic operation, and reinvention of the global corporate entities which produce and distribute most of the films we watch. Starting in 1920, Adolph Zukor, head of Paramount Pictures, over the decade of the 1920s helped to fashion
13.4. (1991): 1-6. Kress, Cathann A. "Understanding the Consistently Misunderstood: The "Underachieving Gifted" Child. Reclaiming Children and Youth. 6.4. (1998): 204-207. Luftig, Richard L., and Marci L. Nichols. "Assessing the Social Status of Gifted Students by Their Age Peers." Gifted Child Quarterly. 34.3. (1990): 111-5. Peterson, Jean Sunde. "Preparing for College -- Beyond the Getting-In Part." Gifted Child Today Magazine. Mar/Apr. 2000: 36-42. Swiatek, Mary Ann. "Social Coping
"half genius, half buffoon" exercised daily--for his love of physics, and for his love of life (Dyson 1989, p. 34). Life "It is impossible to understand Feynman's science properly without understanding what kind of a person he was, ... ... middle of paper ... ...hat do you care what other people think?" New York, NY: Bantam Books. Gardner, H. (1993). Creating minds. New York, NY: Basic Books. Gell-Mann, M. (1989). Dick Feynman--the guy in the office down the hall. Physics Today: 42(2)
to come up with a definition of education, and to test this definition against their understanding of Rodriguez. Studentessa did put together an initial thesis about education: "Education is an essential aspect of our lives. Education is something that you share, but you as an individual can learn it for yourself." During one of our many discussions, I asked Studentessa what pieces made up "education"--were there different forms of education? In response, Studentessa came up with forms: first, of
early 1997 to use Ebonics to help African-American children learn Standard English met with much opposition. Few people supported the Oakland resolution which, backed by the Linguistic Society of America, acknowledged Ebonics as a language variety complete with its own syntax, structure, and rules of grammar. The media triggered a dialogue among Americans about the appropriateness of Ebonics in the classroom. "Are you for or against Ebonics?" was a common question many Americans pondered at work
generations prior to the birth of Edgar. Their line is distinctly traced back to Dring in the Parish of Kildallen, County Cavan, Ireland, and thence into the Parish of Fenwick in Ayrshire, Scotland. Hence they derived from Scotch-Irish stock, with what trace of the Celtic is doubtful. The first Poes came to America about 1739. The immediate paternal ancestors of the poet landed at Newcastle, Delaware, in 1748 or a little earlier. These were John Poe and his wife Jane McBride Poe who went to settle
1. Introduction Once a group of Chinese was visiting the home of an American. As they were shown around the house, they commented, "You have a very nice home. It's so beautiful." The hostess smiled with obvious pleasure and replied in good American fashion "Thank you" ---- which caused surprise among some of her Chinese guests. Later, while conversing at the dinner table, the host remarked to the Chinese interpreter, a young lady who had graduated not long ago from a university, "Your English