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Thomas Jefferson on Separation of Church and State
A popular notion among many religious conservatives is the rejection of what is commonly referred to as the separation between church and state. They maintain the United States was founded by leaders who endorsed Christian principles as the cornerstone of American democracy, and that the First Amendment prohibition against government establishment was not intended to remove religion from public life. As a result, a number of disputes have made their way through to the courts, pitting those ready to defend the wall of separation, against those who would tear it down. Two recent cases have brought this battle to the forefront of political debate. The first involves an Alabama Supreme Court justice, who, in defiance of a Federal judge, fought the removal of a granite display of the Ten Commandments from the rotunda of the state courthouse. Also, a California man has challenged the constitutionality of the phrase “under God” in an upcoming Supreme Court case involving student recitation of the pledge of allegiance.
In each of these instances those supporting government involvement in, and endorsement of religion have justified their assumptions by referencing the words and beliefs of the founding fathers, most notably Thomas Jefferson. They point out that he, like most of the other founders, was a religious man, and that his writings exposed a conviction America was essentially a Christian nation. After all, wasn’t it Jefferson who spoke of inalienable rights bestowed upon man by God in the Declaration of Independence? A more detailed examination of his beliefs, though, reveals exactly the opposite was the case, as Jefferson was actually a champion of s...
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... Congress, Thomas Jefferson Papers Series 1. General Correspondence. 1651-1827.
However, the author 's interpretations of Jefferson 's decisions and their connection to modern politics are intriguing, to say the least. In 1774, Jefferson penned A Summary View of the Rights of British America and, later, in 1775, drafted the Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms (Ellis 32-44). According to Ellis, the documents act as proof that Jefferson was insensitive to the constitutional complexities a Revolution held as his interpretation of otherwise important matters revolved around his “pattern of juvenile romanticism” (38). Evidently, the American colonies’ desire for independence from the mother country was a momentous decision that affected all thirteen colonies. However, in Ellis’ arguments, Thomas Jefferson’s writing at the time showed either his failure to acknowledge the severity of the situation or his disregard of the same. Accordingly, as written in the American Sphinx, Jefferson’s mannerisms in the first Continental Congress and Virginia evokes the picture of an adolescent instead of the thirty-year-old man he was at the time (Ellis 38). It is no wonder Ellis observes Thomas Jefferson as a founding father who was not only “wildly idealistic” but also possessed “extraordinary naivete” while advocating the notions of a Jeffersonian utopia that unrestrained
Jefferson’s use of strategies and language is ineffective in making his points and persuading readers of his arguments. Using hasty generalization, begging the question, and insulting language in his analysis is a huge flaw which lessens the credibility of his argument and offenses his readers. Jefferson should use other argumentative strategies and prevent himself from using insulting language in order to convince readers of his arguments.
Around 3500 B.C.E to 3000 B.C.E., civilizations emerged in many places. Egypt and Mesoamerica are distinctive two of them. Considering the different aspects of civilization, historians can find some same characteristics and differences which are valuable for historians to understand civilization in-depth.
Olmec of Mexico – The Olmec civilization prospered in Pre-Classical Mesoamerica from and is generally considered the precursor of all subsequent Mesoamerican cultures such as the Maya and Aztecs. Centered in the Gulf of Mexico their influences and trade stretched as far as Nicaragua. Sacred complexes, massive stone sculpture, ball games, as well as animal gods were features of Olmec culture which would be passed on to all those who followed the Mesoamerican civilization.
The Olmec, Mayan, and the Aztec Indians were very advanced civilizations for the 14th, 15th, and 16th century. They would used different kinds of resources found around them to create the technology they used to survive. For example the Olmec and the Mayans used cotton to create all kinds of garments, the Mayans also created a number system and their weapons and armor to go to war, the Aztecs adopted an education on how to hunt, how to fight, jewel cutting, metal polishing, song composition, science of the heavens, planing trees and flowers, cooking, cleaning, and many other things. Many cultures were influenced by these three civilizations as they had spread across the world and still use many of their techniques in our everyday lives.
When analyzing ancient civilization and how it began, there are many elements and aspects that should be considered. Questions such as how did civilization begin? What lead to its creation? Where did it begin, and why in that particular location? Many of these questions can be examined and answered by researching what many believe is the world’s earliest civilization, Mesopotamia. It is widely believed that this region was chosen and supported one of the world’s first civilizations. This area was settled over 10,000 years ago by a group of people known as the Sumerians (Cunningham & Reich, 2010).
Many people may ask, “What the heck is the Cattleman’s Association?” Normally, the first thoughts that fill people’s minds when they hear “Cattleman’s Association” are: farmers, cows, farms, rednecks, dairy, beef, steaks, hamburger, milk, and so on. Many of these “stereotypes” prove true and many not so much. My experience with the KCA (Kentucky Cattleman’s Association) may be limited, but its roots run deep in my hometown and my family. Although a great number of my family members are in the KCA, I couldn’t tell you the first thing about them, which inspired me to “get to know” them.
In the 15th century, Europeans discovered the “New World”, they discovered native civilizations that had expanded for more than 2,000 years. They also developed a wide knowledge of agriculture, astronomy, mathematics and the arts. Many early Americans carved large stone statues and reliefs, painted extensive mural cycles, and mastered the arts of weaving, pottery and metalwork. In Mesoamerica, Olmec people built pyramids from colored clays, as well as carvings of their rulers and gods. Olmec artists also placed paintings and made sculptures out of jade. Many architectural features in mainly all Mesoamerican cultures and far as the north as the southwestern United States.
... These practices had a chilling effect at all levels and a significant impact on the shape of the operation. Above all, “the most serious military lapse in the early planning efforts centered on intelligence: the failure to identify more than one campus at the medical school and to discover that a large number of Americans lived off campus.” In sum, the major complicating factor in Urgent Fury was that it was a very short-notice contingency operation involving many specialized participants who had had little practical experience in working with one another. Operation Urgent Fury was a successful operation that set in
To open this discussion, I would like to start with the civil liberty of freedom of religion. This liberty was identified in my original Constitution essay through the mentioning of the separation of church and state clause. The reason for my including of this liberty, and my stressing of its importance, is that I feel that the government interprets this liberty in a one sided fashion because of the incorrect interpretation of the already in place separation of church and state clause. I also include it because I believe that recently the attacks upon religion have metastasized and tha...
One of the first of these civilizations was the Olmec, who lived around 1500 to 600 BC. They lived in what is now the Mexican State of Tabasco and Veracruz. Scholars believe that this tribe started it all, traditions, beliefs, and lifestyles that were used by the tribes that came after them. The made a calendar, early mathematics, and art including sculptures made of jade.
The Olmecs are the earliest known Mesoamerican civilization. Around 1200 B.C. the Olmecs originated as a primitive people living and farming on the shores of Mexico (Stanton 91). Soon, however, they began to build cities such as San Lorenzo, La Venta, and Monte Alban. These “cities” were religious centers where people gathered to worship, and were not populated (Stanton 91). The first of these centers, San Lorenzo, was built c. 1150 B.C., on a flat topped, man-made mountain. It was mysteriously abandoned 200 years later (Stanton 92-93). La Venta, built between 1000 and 600 B.C., sat on an island in a swamp (Stanton 93). Later, around 500 B.C., Monte Alban, which was used as a religious center even after the Olmecs faded, was built on an immense mountain (Stanton 93). The cities were made up of temples and plazas, and decorated by monumental stone heads, which weighed up to 50 tons (Stanton 93)! These heads probably represented their early kings and had distinct helmets (Kingfisher 32). It is incredible how the Olmec people transported the stone from the distant mountains to La Venta, near the shore, without the aid of work animals or carts. It appears that the Olmecs did this grueling work for their gods willingly, as there is no evidence of forced labor (Stanton 93). The Olmecs probably worshipped the jaguar, as it appears so often in their artwork. There are also many e...
Conversely, after researching it, I came to the conclusion that Jefferson was a deist. This conclusion is essentially drawn from and supported by the personal letters that were written by Jefferson himself and sent to his close friends. In this paper I will analyze Thomas Jefferson’s religious beliefs, as well as compare those beliefs to those held by Benjamin Franklin. Benjamin Franklin is also a political and historical figure of our nation. Out of all the founding fathers, Franklin is the only one that has signed all three of the major documents that freed the colonies from British rule and established the United States as an independent nation: the Declaration of Independence, The Treaty of Paris, and the United States Constitution. In comparison with Jefferson, Franklin’s beliefs also often get examined. Additionally, I will study the Declaration of Independence for imitated religious beliefs, and examine the different definitions, perspectives on, and creeds of the Christian and deist
The Olmec center at La Venta share essential characteristics of all Mesoamerican centers later built by different cultures. The site is laid out along a north-south axis with a huge clay and earth pyramid its most prominent
They later flourished in different regions. They were classified into seven different periods. “The Archaic period ascended from 7000-2000 BCE” (Maya Civilization 1). This period was a hunter-gather period. They were well known for growing several crops. Agriculture was the center of this periods life. The domestication of animals also arose during this period. “ Maize, beans, plants and the domestication of dogs and turkeys were practiced during this time” (Maya Civilization 1). “The Olmec period arose from 1500-200 BCE” (Maya Civilization 1). This period was also known as the “Pre-Classic or Formative Period” (Maya Civilization 1). This civilization moved from location. they settled in the Gulf of Mexico. The Olmecs brought something else to the table. They started building cities of stone and brick. “ Olmec heads strongly suggest highly sophisticated skill in sculpture” ( Maya Civilization