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Strengths of the piaget theory
Strengths of the piaget theory
The intelligence theory of Gardner
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Dictionary.com defines intelligence as the capacity for learning, reasoning, understanding, and similar forms of mental activity; aptitude in grasping truths, relationships, facts, meanings, etc (intelligence, 2016). What does this mean and how does it apply to the average person? For the purpose of this paper I will be using theories from Piaget (Concrete-operational and Formal-operational periods), Gardner (Multiple intelligences) and Sternberg (Triarch) in an attempt to gain better insight into human intelligence.
The Concrete-operational period encompasses middle school and late elementary school years approximately age’s seven to eleven. “The realization that your perspective is not the only one happens in this period. The thinking of
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“By around seven years the majority of children can conserve liquid, because they understand that when water is poured into a different shaped glass, the quantity of liquid remains the same, even though its appearance has changed. Five-year-old children would think that there was a different amount because the appearance has changed. Conservation of number develops soon after this. Piaget (1954b) set out a row of counters in front of the child and asked her/him to make another row the same as the first one. Piaget spread out his row of counters and asked the child if there were still the same number of counters. Most children aged seven could answer this correctly, and Piaget concluded that this showed that by seven years of age children were able to conserve number” (McLeod, …show more content…
The multiple Intelligences are rooted firmly in the fact that by breaking free of the limits of logical and linguistic intelligence we are able to express our different talents, abilities, and preferences. Given the chance I would add existential to the list of Gardner’s multiple intelligences. To me existential intelligence is the ability to conceptualize deeper or larger questions about human existence. I believe that those of us who have existential intelligence are not afraid to think and talk about issues such as the meaning of life. Furthermore I believe there to be a willingness to contemplate taboo questions like why are we born, why do we die, What happens when we die, or how did we get
In this adolescent stage of development, children and teens begin to ponder more abstract concepts and relationships such as justice and fairness. At this stage in cognitive development, students also have the ability to think more logically, using symbols to define abstract concepts such as algebraic formulas or scientific equations. According to Piaget, the formal operation stage is the final stage of cognitive development, making it one of the most crucial periods in a child’s mental development. Because Beah saw the most violence at this stage of cognitive development, it is the most interesting time to
This can be identified as the four stages of mental development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and the formal operational stage. (Cherry, 2017) Each stage involves a difference of making sense in reality than the previous stage. In the sensorimotor stage, the first stage, infants start to conduct an understanding of the world by relating sensory experiences to a motor or physical action. This stage typically lasts from birth until around two years of age. A key component of this stage is object permanence, which simply means to understand an object will exist even when it can’t be directly visualized, heard, or felt. The second stage was the preoperational stage. This stage dealt more so with symbolic thinking rather than senses and physical action. Usually, the preoperational stage last between two to seven years old, so you can think of this as preschool years. The thinking in infants is still egocentric or self-centered at this time and can’t take others perspectives. The third stage or the concrete operational stage averagely lasts from seven to eleven years of age. This is when individuals start using operations and replace intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete circumstances. For example, there are three glasses, glass A and B are wide and short and filled with water while glass C is tall and skinny and empty. If the water in B is
Born August 9, 1896, Jean Piaget was the eldest of Rebecca, and Arthur. He was a native of Neuchâtel, Switzerland. At an early age, Piaget displayed “neurotic tendencies (Biography.com Editors, 2016).” He took on his father’s tendencies of being dedicated to his studies. When Piaget was just ten years old, he illustrated a fascination with mollusks which drew him to the local museum of natural history; there he spent several hours staring at the specimens (Biography.com Editors, 2016). While attending the Neuchâtel Latin High School, Piaget wrote a short scientific paper on the albino sparrow which was just the beginning of his writing career. Piaget was only eleven years old
Piaget underlined that the pre-operational stage can be described as the stage of the concentrated egocentrism. We could notice these features in practice. Moreover, this stage is said to be devoted to the abilities of children. They are rather limited because the mental activity is influenced by life experience and emotions. Therefore, the conclusions concerning the practical aspect of the theoretical study are made.
The child’s development is determined by biological maturation and interaction with the environment. Although all children go through each stage in the same order, there are individual differences in the rate at which children progress through stages, and some may never go through the later steps. Each stage of development reflects an increasing sophistication of children’s thought. The first stage is the Sensorimotor stage. This stage ranges from birth to two years of age and can be broken down to six substages. The main objective of this stage is goal-directed behavior and object permanence. Goal-directed behavior combines several schemes and coordinates them to perform a single act to solve a problem. Object permanence is the realization to form a mental schema of an object that is not present but exists. The Preoperational Stage is the second stage and ranges from age two to seven. During this stage children increase their ability to think symbolically, as well as increase the use of concepts, centration, conservation,and intuitive thought emerge , and thinking remains egocentric. The third stage is the Concrete Operational change. Occurring between ages seven and twelve. Piaget characterized this stage as a major turning point in a child’s cognitive development because it applies operational thought. In this stage, children are
During a child's second and seventh year, he or she is considered to be in the preoperational stage. Piaget stated that during this stage, the child has not yet mastered the ability of mental operations. The child in the preoperational stage still does not have the ability to think through actions (Woolfolk, A., 2004). Children in this stage are considered to be egocentric, meaning they assume others share their points of view (Woolfolk, A. 2004). Because of egocentricism, children in this stage engage in collective monologues, in which each child is talking, but not interacting with the other children (Woolfolk, A. 2004). Another important aspect of the preoperational stage is the acquisition of the skill of conservation. Children understand that the amount of something remains the same even if its appearance changes (Woolfolk, A., 2004). A child in the preoperational stage would not be able to perform the famous Piagetian conservation problem of liquid and volume, because he or she has not yet developed reversible thinking – "thinking backward, from the end to the beginning" (Woolfolk, A., 33).
Formal operations (beginning at ages 11-15) – Conceptual reasoning is present and the child’s cognitive abilities are similar to an adult’s (Atherton, 2010).
Piaget's formal operational period is said to begin around age 12 and carry on through adulthood. Formal operational thinking can be defined as the period in which individuals are said to think with not only logic but more abstract thinking begins to occur. What Piaget calls hypothetico- deductive reasoning, is a crucial part of the formal operational period. This is where individuals begin to think about “what if’s” and they take a more abstract approach to situations. Often in this period individuals think from a hypothetical standpoint . They start to think not only about their own thoughts but the ideas of those close to them. This specific period is exemplified through the character Claire. During one of the scenes in the breakfast club
The formal operational stage is the fourth and final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Piaget believed that at this point, teens develop the capability of thinking about abstract and hypothetical ideas and that what he referred to as "hypothetico-deductive reasoning" was essential at this stage of rational development. They often ask the question, "what-if", and are now able to think about multiple solutions or possible outcomes. At this point in development, thinking becomes much more sophisticated and advanced. Kids can think about abstract and theoretical concepts and use logic to come up with creative solutions to problems.
Last stage named Formal Operational is during the period of adolescent starting at 11 or 12 years old, the children or better call them teens are more mature and they achieves a propositional thinking and verbal hypothetical reasoning applying this knowledge in algebra an science, and that which is characterized by the maximum development of cognitive structures. Also they stablish judgments and criteria by their own. “At this point, people become capable of seeing multiple potential solutions to problems and think more scientifically about the world around them.” (Cherry, 2014).
This stage is when individuals develop their cognitive ability to utilize abstract concept, logical thought is one of these skills. Piaget’s cognitive development theory is a comprehensive model of the natural development of human intelligence, believing that childhood plays a critical and active role in the development of an individual. Piaget identifies four stages of cognitive development, these include sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and the formal operational stage. Piaget determined the concrete operational stage of cognitive development when an individual is cognitively capable of successfully preforming various mental operations utilizing concrete concepts to begin critical thinking skills. Consequently, the lack of deductive reasoning that accompanies this stage of cognitive development impedes an individual’s ability to predict the outcome of their actions. While testing their physical boundaries, a lack of cognitive maturity disallows the adolescents the ability to predict outcome of their actions. Formal operational thought, is when an individual can visualize the conclusion of a potential action before it begins. Formal operational thought, require the ability to think in an abstract manner that will combine the ability to classify items in a deductive order of reason, utilizing, higher levels of critical thinking
3. Concrete operations · Children continue to learn through their experiences with real objects. · They access information (using language) to make sense of their immediate and wider environment. 4. Formal operations · Children and adults learn to make use of abstract thinking.
Piaget believed that children in this stage experience two kinds of phenomena: pretend play and Egocentrism. Pretend play is the ability to perform mental operations using symbols. Egocentrism is the inability to perceive things from a different point of view. For example, a child covering his own eyes, because he believes that if he can’t see someone, then they can’t see him as well. When a child is seven to eleven years old, it is in the concrete operational stage. At this point, Piaget believed that children are able to grasp the concept of conservation. Conservation is the principle that mass and volume remain the same despite the change in forms of objects. For example, children at this age are mentally capable of pouring a liquid in different types of containers. Piaget also believed that at this age a child is capable of understanding different mathematical transformations. At the age of 12, children reach the Formal Operation stage, the final stage in Piaget’s stages of Cognitive Development. This is the
Intelligence by definition is “the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills” (Oxford Dictionary, 2014). However, many psychologists argue that there is no standard definition of ‘intelligence’, and there have been many different theories over time as psychologists try to find better ways to define this concept (Boundless 2013). While some believe in a single, general intelligence, others believe that intelligence involves multiple abilities and skills. Another largely debated concept is whether intelligence is genetically determined and fixed, or whether is it open to change, through learning and environmental influence. This is commonly known as the nature vs. nurture debate.
Cognitive development theory was propounded by Piaget in (1972). Piaget proposed that cognitive development from infant to young adult occurs in four universal and consecutive stages. The four stages are; sensorimotor - birth to 2 years, preoperational - 2 years to 7 years, concrete operational - 7 years to 11 years and formal operational (abstract thinking) 11 years and up. Each stage has major cognitive tasks which must be accomplished. In the sensorimotor stage, the mental structures are mainly concerned with the mastery of concrete objects. The mastery of symbols takes place in the preoperational stage. In the concrete stage, children learn mastery of classes, relations and numbers and how to reason. The last stage deals with the mastery