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Norms and ethics of Vikings
The vikings history culture
The vikings history culture
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Vikings are fascinating. Though this is not a strong thesis, it is a true statement, one that will hopefully be backed up as I argue the actual thesis of this paper. Vikings have been immortalized in popular culture, inspiring everything from operas and classic fantasy novels to video games and Swedish death metal bands. Clearly the Vikings have an appeal to them rivaled by few other people groups throughout history. I can safely say that I have always found Vikings and their culture profoundly interesting, and a chance to learn more about them was not something I was going to pass up. Like any ethnic group, the Vikings have a very unique culture. Hardy and explorers by nature (Lemonick), the Vikings developed intricate customs and followed a very detailed …show more content…
Theft was abhorrent and intensely frowned upon, even to the point that it was one of the few crimes that would condemn the perpetrator to pain and suffering in the afterlife. On the other hand, raids were seen as an honorable challenge, in which the winning party would claim all of the loot. Of course, Vikings were the better fighters the vast majority of the time, and did not really have much loot to give off to anyone who bested them. Some bizarre upholding of these values is depicted in this anecdote provided by Short: A story from chapter 46 of Egils saga Skalla-Grímssonar illustrates this distinction. While raiding a coastal farm, Egill and his men were captured by the farmer and his family, who bound all of the raiders. In the night that followed, Egill was able to slip his bonds. He and his men grabbed their captors' treasure and headed back to the ship. But along the way, Egill shamefully realized he was acting like a thief, saying, "This journey is terrible and hardly suitable for a warrior. We have stolen the farmer’s money without his knowledge. We should never allow such shame to befall
In Tolkien’s lecture, “Beowulf: The monsters and the Critics,” he argues that Beowulf has been over analyzed for its historical content, and it is not being studied as a piece of art as it should be. He discusses what he perceives the poet of Beowulf intended to do, and why he wrote the poem the way he did. Tolkien’s main proposition, “it was plainly only in the consideration of Beowulf as a poem, with an inherent poetic significance, that any view or conviction can be reached or steadily held” (Tolkien). He evaluates why the author centers the monsters throughout the entire poem, why the poem has a non-harmonic structure, why and how the author fusses together Christianity and Paganism, and how the author uses time to make his fictional poem seem real. He also discusses the overall theme of Beowulf and other assumptions of the text. To support his viewpoints, Tolkien uses quotations and examples from the poem, quotations from other critics, and compares Beowulf to other works of art. Tolkien discusses several statements in interpreting Beowulf as a poem.
Right from the beginning of “Horror and the Maternal in Beowulf,” Paul Acker’s ambition in writing is clear. In the span of only a few sentences, he boldly refutes J.R.R. Tolkien’s interpretation of the monsters in Beowulf, stating “Tolkien also deflected certain avenues of interpreting the monsters” (702). This immediate claim, straight from the first paragraph of Acker’s essay, sets a tone for the rest of the paper, one that is plagued by unethical rhetorical strategies in order to satisfy its ambitions. Though Acker does present a fair argument in regards to his ideas and thesis, that same validity does not carry over to his rhetoric. I will argue that Acker constructs his essay in an unethical fashion, something which evidences itself within his frequent avoidance of claiming his own argument in addition to forms of deception which coerce agreement from a reader.
Upon first encountering one another, the vikings and the natives of Scotland often experienced violent confrontation. However, through the passage of time they contributed in shaping each other in equal and sometimes opposite measure. There are several hypotheses that describe the details of the first viking-indigenous interactions.1 Out of the many propositions, two theories appear most often. The first asserts that the vikings set up an earldom and thenceforth ruled over the native Scottish population. Sometimes this earldom is portrayed as peaceful, at other times more violent. The second proposition asserts that a genocide took place in which the vikings eliminated and replaced the native people.2 The evidence for either model is contradictory and variably justifiable. The best explanation therefore is a syntheses of both hypotheses. Namely, that both earldom and genocide took place in different circumstances. Bands of viking ships were often federations, and as such individual rulers within the federation must have had some measure of latitude. In some areas viking captains completely exterminated the indigenous people they found. In other instances, the leaders simply subjugated the people they encountered. In areas where the local population were left alive they influenced the Scandinavian settlers in terms of religion and material culture to different degrees. Conversely, the viking presence in Scotland forced the native inhabitants to become more militant and politically united.3 Furthermore, the natives eventually adopted parts of Scandinavian language, material culture, and custom as well.
The Vikings are famous for their violent ways when they pillaged and plundered villages of Northern Europe. Their dramatic exploits commenced during 800 – 1050 A.D, The first being the raid on Lindisfarne Monastery in 793, followed by a chain of attacks all over the coast of northern Europe during the next 200 years. As the years went on the frequency of Viking attacks increased as they became bolder. They were opportunists, raiding when the villages were off–guard or weak and trading when they were powerful. The speed and tactical advantage of the Viking longships allowed them to slip quietly ashore, pillage the village and make a fast getaway via water before the village can summon an army. By this time some Viking plunderers would stay over winter in a village. Soon their raiding camps became settlements and Viking control over Europe began to grow, it was not long before Vikings overran most of England.
“Beowulf” portrays the philosophical views of life that many people still regard today. Those views helped to shape and define the ideal Dane in their culture. For example, the traits looked for among the Danes were honesty, bravery, and humility. These three “requirements” in the Danes were but a few of numerous, admirable qualities these people possessed. But their most obvious philosophical view on living was for the good guy to always beat the bad guy. Their lives were about protecting others by destroying monsters; in the case of “Beowulf”, the monsters were literal. Grendel was one of three monsters that Beowulf went to destroy over the course of the poem. The Danes viewed Grendel and other monsters like him as stupid animals. The Danes’ view on life was to always stay brave and honest while protecting the weak. Through fighting these forces of evil, they found their meaning for existence while Grendel never did. One last philosophical view of life for the Danes was a resignation to death, especially in the case of Beowulf. In Beowulf’s final battle against the dragon he fought even though he had grown older and knew there was a good chance for him to die. His willingness to die for his people gave him not only recognition as a true hero but also a profound meaning to his life. In...
Tolkien, J.R.R.. “Beowulf :The Monsters and the Critics.” In TheBeowulf Poet, edited byDonald K. fry. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.
The dilemma here was that they were unable to evoke an adaptive change. One of the six core ideas of adaptive change is being able to identify they adaptive challenge, this is in direct comparison to Heifetz three main points of systems in distress that seek equilibrium; the point being to solve the problem (adaptive challenge). It is uncertain when the Norse actually came to the realization of the problem, but by the facts given in the essay about the bones found as fossils, it is adequate to assume that there must have been a point where the society began to realize they had an adaptive challenge. By eating all of their cattle and even their pets, it is shown that they figured out a solution for short term gain with long term consequences, another main point in Heifetz theory. The goal was to regulate distress, another of the six core ideas of adaptive challenge, but they failed due to their lack of ability to shift their
Typically, the image of a Viking is a barbaric, bearded man plundering and destroying a neighboring village. This is actually the stereotypical viewpoint. In actuality, Vikings, have a very different image. For example, Vikings did not wear furry boots or furry armor, they did not have horned helmets, they invaded Britain, and they also were the first to discover America! They were also experts in nautical technology, crafts, trading, warfare and many other skills (Jonsson 1). With all of these traits, the Vikings seem like an unstoppable force in the European continent. But, who were the Vikings? The Vikings were actually venturesome seafarers. This means that they were travelers who were constantly exploring and looking for new areas of land. There roots can be traced all the way back to 6000 B.C. were nomadic men traveled in primitive crafts up the Denmark coast. Fast forward two millennia and these nomadic people have established permanent homes, but still using the boat for food and travel. As stated before, they were not just raiders, although they did do this frequently, but they were actually expert traders, trading all around the world. It wasn’t until around 793 A.D. that a Viking explosion took place in northern Europe (Jonsson 2). Raids began to take place on neighboring villages and their places of worship. To some this is the only type of knowledge they have about Vikings. However, their culture was something to be admired. Trading, religion, and everyday life are all important parts of a Viking culture.
the Vikings had an advantage when invading other regions. Vikings would not go where their ship could
A third noble trait that vikings carried was their strength and skills. If a man was not good with a sword and/or strong, he was deemed as somewhat useless because he couldn’t fight well. For vikings, strength was everything. Beowulf was one of the strongest men in all the land. he had enough power to defeat multiple massive monsters. Beowulf was showered in honor once he defeated Grendel and his mother. “ Let whoever can win glory before death. When a warrior is gone, that will be his best and only bulwark” (1387-1389). The Anglo Saxon Viking lifestyle was one of pride in fighting and
Viking raids and expansion enabled them to gain power over others. The Vikings were skilled warriors and knew exactly what places to target for maximum effect. Places such as “abbeys, monasteries, and churches were regular Viking targets because they were defended lightly, if at all, and contained large amounts of wealth” (Davis). Vikings wanted to acquire the items that could be found in places of worship in order to become wealthier. This would advance their nation over all the others, enabling them to achieve complete control. The Viking’s lust for power and wealth pulled them out of Scandinavia. As the Vikings became stronger and more powerful, they were also able to colonize different areas and expand. The Vikings were able to successfully colonize parts of England, Europe, and Greenland (“Viking Age”). Conquering nearby lands enabled the Vikings to gain rule over other nations. The Vikings wanted to gain more land and power than other civilizations, so that they could prosper. This led to them setting off on long journeys across the sea in search of new land. Their determination to secure power led them to expand into territories all over Europe and Asia. The Vikings soon became highly successful, due to their skilled warriors, allowing them to conquer and gain the most wealth possible. Their lust for power inspired them to travel in search of new
The significance of the Scandinavian region in the development of the Viking ships was evident in the demand for power and speed in the waterways. The waterways became an important asset for the coastal cities, and the Vikings had to find advanced warships that could defend their territories and expand into enemy territories in the sea. Therefore, the overwhelming demand for ships led to the construction of the Viking ships. The ships evolved into a symbol of the Viking pagan religion. They became famous as symbols of great power and prowess. The Vikings endorsed the ship as a symbol of their religion and the culture of burying the chieftains in their ships became a common practice. Of course, the culture had an impact on the design and preservation of the Viking
Their culture is related to their past parental memories and traditions. Every single place in their tradition has its own meaning and historical importance. The Sami rights of self-determination is to promote their traditional culture and strengthen their social institutions, this is how the Swedish government has expressed their view on the traditional and cultural situation of Sami people “The Sami have a long, traditional and historical link to the area and this link is traced back to the time before the creation of the nation-state. The Sami people are to be considered an indigenous people in Sweden and have the rights to demand a special cultural treatment under international law. “The Sami have special relation with land and water, an indigenous people need other rights than other minorities, foremost self-determination to evolve their culture and identity, the provisions on indigenous population goes further compared to other minorities, concerning land, water and self-determination” (Nationell handlingsplan for de manskiga rattigheterna,Regeringens skrivele 2001, 02:83, p
One of the main reasons Vikings crossed the sea from Scandinavia and traveled to Iceland was to get away from the feudal system being established between the
Vikings were a truly diverse and fascinating people. As they rode the waves of the Atlantic Ocean to many different lands, the warriors struck terror into the hearts of people throughout the many countries they raided. Just the sight of the long, carved beasts at the bows of their ships slinking toward the shores through the mist was enough weaken even the strongest soul. However, while being vicious, inhumane barbarians, a different lifestyle prevailed in their homelands as they faced the same daily struggles as any other society. They were farmers, traders, explorers, and accomplished shipbuilders. There followed laws and customs for which there were punishments if those laws were not followed. They prayed to their Gods and loved their families. In the end, the Vikings traveled over most of the world and left a lasting impression that still excites our imaginations to this day.