The United Nations Mediation in Cyprus: 1975-1990
The UN mediation in Cyprus during this period is characterised by the complete absence of a clear idea of what the post-1974 political settlement should be. In other words, the UN did not manage to address questions like: should the Zurich-London Agreements be upheld? Did those agreements provide a viable solution to the Cyprus problem at the first place? If not, how could a new political settlement be justified and presented to the affected parties (Turkey and Turkish-Cypriots)? What guarantees could be given to the affected parties for future developments? How committed could the international community be in long-term in providing the necessary guarantees? If such commitments were not upheld by the guarantor powers and the rest of the international community during the events of 1974, why one could expect things to be different in the future?
Instead, the UN tried to bring the two communities of Cyprus together and let them find a solution themselves. But there were two problems that made the reaching of a settlement difficult. First, each of the two communities had different ‘ideal settlements’ in mind. While the Turkish-Cypriot side advocated a return to the Zurich-London principles, the Greek-Cypriot side maintained that a new arrangement should be found and that it should be based on the majority-minority divide. Second, if in the presence of a growing domestic upheaval the inter-communal had failed to produce any concrete results, the Turkish military intervention had, in fact, worsened the situation. Mistrust and hostility had grown to the point that it was impossible for the two sides to agree. Instead, encouraged by the UN stance, they sought to use different international fora to advance their cause and ‘ideal settlement’.
One of the developments that could assist the UN in its mediation efforts was that the idea of unification of Cyprus with Greece was abandoned by the Greek-Cypriot side. Two were the reasons for that. First, a rivalry arose between Athens and Nicosia due to the involvement of Greece in the coup d’ etat of July 1974 which led to the Turkish military intervention and the de facto division of the island. And second, abandoning of the unification idea was also seen as the only way for the Greek-Cypriot side to convince Turkey to withdraw its troops from the island and keep it outside the Cypriot internal affairs after a new settlement was reached.
For starters, The American Revolution was waged as a war of last resort because the colonists could not execute any more plans to make truce with Britain peacefully. According to John Dickinson in The Olive Branch Petition the colonists wrote, “We therefore beseech your Majesty, that your royal authority and influence may be graciously interposed to procure us relief from our afflicting fears and jealousies, occasioned by the system before-mentioned, and to settle peace through every part of our Dominions, with all humility submitting to your Majesty’s wise consideration, whether it may not be expedient, for facilitating those important purposes, that your Majesty be pleased to direct some mode, by which the united applications of your faithful
Ewoh (2009) explained that in the late 18th century, conspiracy theorists began speculating that the Illuminati had survived their suppression and become the masterminds behind the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror. The Illuminati was accused of being subversives who were attempting to secretly orchestrate a revolutionary wave in Europe and the rest of the world in order to spread the most radical ideas and movements of the Enlightenment. Then in the 19th century, fear of an Illuminati conspiracy was a real concern for European ruling classes and their oppressive reactions to the very revolutions they wanted to prevent. (p. 6)
Barbara and Patricia Grimes’ lives were tragically cut short when they were mysteriously murdered. On the night of December 28, 1956, Barbara and Patricia Grimes left their home to see the newly released Elvis Presley movie, “Love Me Tender” (Johnson). Tamara Shaffer explains when their mother Loretta Grimes knew something
In the novel War and Peace In the Middle East, author Avi Shlaim argues that Arab nations have been unable to escape the post-Ottoman syndrome. In particular he describes how the various powers inside and outside the region have failed to produce peace. While some of Shlaim's arguments hinder the message, I agree with his overall thesis that the Middle East problems were caused and prolonged by the failure of both powers and superpowers to take into account the regional interests of the local states.
"Peacekeeping and Peacemaking." Reading and Remembrance . N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2014. . (tags: none | edit tags)
Abigail Adams has been historically remembered for being the wife of the second president of the United States, John Adams, and the mother of the sixth, John Quincy Adams. A close historical examination of her life, however, reveals that she is someone who deserves to be understood on her own terms. As the title of Charles Akers’ biography of Abigail Adams puts it, she was truly a revolutionary American woman who espoused the republican ideology of virtue for self-government. Akers describes her as having “the widest range of experience” (Akers 1) out of all the American women of her time, as seen in the over two thousand letters written by her, mostly to her husband who was often on the road. Abigail
International organizations such as NATO and the UN are essential not only for global peace, but also as a place where middle powers can exert their influence. It is understandable that since the inception of such organizations that many crises have been averted, resolved, or dealt with in some way thro...
Born in Brooklyn, New York in January 1899, Capone was one of eight children. His parents were recent Italian immigrants looking to start fresh in America, the land of opportunity, and would never begin to suspect that they had birthed a boy who would in later years become America’s most notorious gangster, the ultimate “Public Enemy No. 1”.1 Up until the sixth grade Capone worked hard in school, trying to be...
Al Capone was one of the most known of all of the gangsters. He was one of the biggest gangsters in the underworld of chicago. Al capone was a sharp dresser a classy gentleman. Capone was the best at what he did. capone originally liyed in naples which is in italy .
... M. (2000). The Vatican Mediation if the Beagle Channel Dispute: Crisis Intervention and Forum Building. In C. C. Conflict, M. C. Greenberg, J. H. Barton, &
Throughout the course of the book, Rubin sketches the development of the PLO beginning with its foundation in 1964 and going until the October 1993 signing of the Israeli-Palestinian Declaration of Principles. Twenty-nine years is a long period to cover in about 200 pages of text, but Rubin hones his focus by devoting the majority of the book to processes in the 1980s and 1990s. In the chapters about the 1980s and 1990s, his analysis is successful in demonstrating the indecision of the PLO’s policy making. He shows the organization’s serious internal divisions, its failures, and the pressures that led it into the current peace process (first in Madrid and later in Oslo).
Alphonse Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York on January 17, 1899 to immigrants from Naples, Italy. At a very young age, he became involved in organized crime by quitting school after sixth grade and joining a local neighborhood gang. There he met Johnny Torio, who would be his eventual mentor for the crime organization in the city of Chicago. Soon Capone really hit the big time in organized crime when he joined the famous Manhattan Five Points Gang and their leader Frankie Yale, working as a bartender and bouncer. There he received his nickname, "scarface", when he was cut on his left cheek during a conflict while working at the gang's club. Under Yale, it was thought that Capone did his first of many killings. However, like many other gangsters at the time, Capone was never tried for his "alleged" or "ordered" murders do to prominence and the power that these crime families had in the community ("Capone, Al").
In conclusion, Child abuse, without a doubt, causes permanent damage to the life of the victim. Whether it’s physical, sexual or neglect, the after effects will haunt them, and very possibly their future family as well. Child psychiatrist, B.F. Steele stated,
Mediation is a way to solve a dispute without having to resort to court procedure which sometimes could turned out to be rigid, formal and time consuming especially when it needed a lot of paperwork and the possibility of adjournment which could consume years. Besides that, unlike in court, mediator as a third impartial party did not acted as a judge who decides on the resolution however, the mediator will help the parties to explore the needs and issue which before preventing them from achieving a mutual resolution and settlement. The mediation process gave the authority towards the parties to agree with each other and open up the chance for the parties to meet with a resolution at the end of the mediation session.
The lives and prosperity of millions of people depend on peace and, in turn, peace depends on treaties - fragile documents that must do more than end wars. Negotiations and peace treaties may lead to decades of cooperation during which disputes between nations are resolved without military action and economic cost, or may prolong or even intensify the grievances which provoked conflict in the first place. In 1996, as Canada and the United States celebrated their mutual boundary as the longest undefended border in the world, Greece and Turkey nearly came to blows over a rocky island so small it scarcely had space for a flagpole.1 Both territorial questions had been raised as issues in peace treaties. The Treaty of Ghent in 1815 set the framework for the resolution of Canadian-American territorial questions. The Treaty of Sevres in 1920, between the Sultan and the victorious Allies of World War I, dismantled the remnants of the Ottoman Empire and distributed its territories. Examination of the terms and consequences of the two treaties clearly establishes that a successful treaty must provide more than the absence of war.