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Project Cost Management
Project Cost Management
Expenditure cost control in project management
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The three factors of performance, schedule and cost are vital to project managers. Their interactions can lead to a number of consequences on the project plans (Ward & Peppard, 2002). Performance refers to the operational and support features of a system which allows it to successfully accomplish the set goals. The support features of such systems includes both the support elements responsible for system operation and the supportability aspects of the current design. Schedule refers to the series of things which are to be done based on a specific sequence and within a specific period of time. Cost refers to the ability of a system to achieve a program 's life-cycle objectives. As a result, it includes the impact of budget and affordability …show more content…
Risk analysis is any activity that seeks to examine every identified risk so as to polish the description of that particular risk, isolate the various causes, ascertain the effects of such a risk as well as assist in devising possible mitigation measures (Lari, 2009). A change in either schedule, cost or performance can lead to consequences in the other factor. Analysis begins with a comprehensive study of those risks that have been recognized. The goal is to gather enough information possible future risks so as to know the basis of their existence, their chances and the consequences in the event that they were to occur. Risk assessment underlies (In addition, it is the project manager’s role to show the impact on the three constraints and thereafter create the necessary balance between them. Besides, the Iron Triangle is one of the best tools for discovering the priorities and motivation of the various stakeholders as well as how well the project is understood) discrete actions to identify and analyze the …show more content…
These includes the flyaway cost, program acquisition cost, development cost; life-cycle cost, procurement cost, weapon system cost and the operating support (O&S) cost. This standardization of terminology offers a common frame of reference that is uniform and consistent. This becomes very useful in the identification of what is either included or excluded from each cost term, and how each cost term relates to work breakdown structure elements, budget appropriations, as well as to life-cycle cost categories. These terms also inaugurate a basic definitional edifice for understanding acquisition program costs as used in fiscal guidance, program decision memorandums, selected acquisition reports and budget
As the world is constantly changing in terms of program needs and the requirements to achieve them, there is a demand for innovative and tactical ways to increase success in achieving project objectives. The ever-changing technological climate, market dynamics, relatively short-lived solutions and the arduous integration of business and I.T., have proved stumbling blocks in managing complex programs and ultimately attaining desired results on time and on budget.
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These costs are not straightforwardly associated to a project. Examples include organization costs such as advertising or accounting. G&A costs are generally billed as a percent of total costs, or items such as labor, materials, or equipment. Using the sums of direct and overhead costs for work packages, it is possible to cumulate the costs for any deliverable for the entire project (Gray & Larson, 2005).
Infrastructure and specifically transportation projects are complex endeavors and risk assessment for them is a complicated process. Risks are often interrelated or correlated to each other and occurrence of some might cause other risks to occur. For example, technical risk usually carries cost and schedule consequences. Schedule risks typically impact cost escalation and project overhead. Consequently, likelihood of a risk’s occurrence and its impact on the scope of a specific context of the project, must be carefully considered.
Kezner, H. Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling. 6th. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 1998. Print.
Capital investments decisions are vital to a business’s long term success or failure (Gapenski, L. C., Reiter, K. L., 2016, p 561). Capital investment decisions are more significant than other financial decisions because of the long term commitment of cash and resources. Senior management and hospital boards must ensue there is due diligence performed on a project before financial resources are committed. Risk analysis is a vital element in that decision process. This analysis provides decision support for project selection. Risk analysis has three components; defining the type of risk, measuring the risk, and incorporating the risk into the capital budgeting decision process. Using these elements for risk analysis and the organization’s average
Project managers must possess the ability to use sound judgment based on the facts available to them, past experiences, and knowledge of current events to make effective decisions. Often, the success of project managers is based upon the outcomes of the decisions they did or did not make. As such, conducting performance assessments, during project implementation and after project completion, enables project managers and project stakeholders to accurately evaluate the success of the project. Projects are innately complex and multifaceted; therefore, project successes are difficult to measure and ascertain. “Based on an extensive review of the project success literature … a clear definition of project success does not exist and there is a need to develop meaningful and measurable constructs of project success” (Mir & Pinnington, 2014, p. 203).
Disciplined time management is fundamental to effective project management, if a project manager cannot control his own time, then the project cannot be controlled. (Kerzner, 2013). Key elements to time management are planning and prioritisation. Planning is a system in which you categorise what you need to do for a project such as determining objectives, identifying achievement steps, the breakdown of the task into components tasks, time taken and identification of what you require from others (Caunt, 2013, 27). This indicates that a plan can be likend to a process in which steps have to be clearly defined in order for it to work. Plans should always be time bound, giving the relation to time maagement, planning is as fundamental to time
These are the specific risks involved to a particular project or program. The organisations continuously undertakes specific projects, which should be managed with consistency with the legal obligations to be kept in mind. There are significant program management methodology which spell out the requirement and clear risk management approach within the project environment and align by the whole of the AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 Risk management – Principles and guidelines.
Some include risks at the enterprise level, managing risks in complex projects and dealing with turnarounds and large capital projects. Liu, Zou, & Gong (2013) explore how enterprise risk management (ERM) may influence the ability and performance of project management risk (PRM) by considering the features of the construction industry, its businesses and projects. Managing risks within projects such as these has become an important process to achieve project objectives in terms of the scope, time and cost. The results show that enterprise risk management can positively influence the implementation of project risk management. This can be achieved through implementing a risk focused culture, setting up risk management departments and setting up risk procedures. This will help control the project risk and improve the performance of project risk management. Communicating the concerns with other team members can help identify the risks earlier on rather than later in the development of the project. If the Stakeholders and managers involved are satisfied then the project outline becomes a
ii) Make sure that the scope, the kind of quality and the budgets are in accordance with one another.
Project cost management (PCM) is the process of which technology is used to measure an approximate estimate of funds and resources needed, in order to complete the assignment within an approved budget. Although, most companies use some form of project cost management, it is often disregarded or unacknowledged regarding the importance of this treasured tool. For instance, if a project manager (PM) does not use a cost management tool, then there is a great change the task will be behind schedule and over budget (Schwalbe, 2011).
Quantitative risk analysis is more focused on the implementation of safety measures that have been established, in order to protect against every defined risk. By using a quantitative approach, an organization is able to create a very precise analytical interpretation that can clearly represent which risk resolving measures have been most well suited to various project needs. This makes the quantitative approach favored by many management teams since risk assessments can be clearly represented in the empirical forms like percentages or probability charts, since it emphasizes using tools such as
A careful and close monitoring of time and cost must be performed to ensure a project is successful. Often, time and cost constraints are common issues with projects especially in construction projects; and if not monitored closely, it can have a devastating result for the project. Moreover, time and cost of projects can mean the difference between successful project completion or delay and added cost to the project. Therefore, a successful project requires detailed analysis of cost and time; project managers must explore ways to reduce time and cost where possible (Eckhart-Queenan, Etzel, & Prasad, 2016). Project managers can mitigate constraints by fast tracking or reducing project scope or when there are no constraints by adding resource
Risk Management allows us to identify the problems which are unknown during the start of the project but may occurs later. Implementing an efficient risk management plan will ensure the better outcome of the project in terms of cost and time.