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Explain theories of personality
The impact of culture on personality
Explain theories of personality
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When the word “personality” comes to mind, numerous factors that influence person characteristics accompany it. Personality is defined as being the uniqueness of an individual accompanied by an adopted idiographic view. (Theories of Personality, 2014) Over the years, scientists and psychologists have tried to figure out the link between genetics, environmental factors, and cultural influences with the way an individual’s personality is strengthened. Have you ever wondered if your personality is a result of the nature or nurture theory? Is it genetics related or environmentally driven? An extremely important question that must be included during the study of personality deals with the extent of which nature or nurture is involved in shaping …show more content…
On the other hand, if nurture is more important, then our experiences are likely to be particularly significant, and we may be able to flexibly alter our personalities over time. Evidently, genetics has a greater influence on a person’s personality than environmental factors and cultural influences.
A person’s culture is one of the major environmental factors that shape and help in the development of personality. According to personality psychologist, there are numerous researches done to investigate the variations in personality traits within several cultures. Culture refers to all of the beliefs, customs, ideas, behaviours, and traditions of a particular society that are passed through generations. (Introduction to Personality, n.d.) Behavioural traits and norms are evident within all cultures and they dictate what all personality traits are important. The strength of personality traits varies between individualist cultures (European, North American & Australian cultures) and collectivist cultures (Asian, African & South American). An individualist culture takes pride in and encourages independence, competition and personal achievements are highly praised.
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Researches have been able to generate studies to investigate the correlation between specific genetic features, and personality traits. . (Scientists Have Found Genetic Links Between Personality Traits And Psychiatric Diseases, 2016) Genetics is seen to be one of the most influential factors affecting personality as it helps with self-control, social and learning abilities and give persons a sense of purpose. A research from Edingburg University involved more than 800 sets of identical and non-identical twins was conducted to prove that genetics has a greater effect on how successful people are in life. (It's nature, not nurture: personality lies in genes, twins study shows, n.d.) Although these twins shared most if not all of their genetic material; identical twins were twice as likely as non- identical twins to share the same personality traits. They were able to link certain genes with traits, for example, the genes WSCD2 and PCDH15 are linked with extraversion while the gene L3MBTL2 is linked to neuroticism. (Scientists Have Found Genetic Links Between Personality Traits And Psychiatric Diseases, 2016) The idea that a person’s DNA code may have a drastic effect on the way their personality is shaped is still new and not widely accepted. Through
The debate of nature vs. nurture continues today in the world of psychology. The effects of an individual’s genetics and the effects of their environment on their personality and actions is an age old debate that is still inconclusive. However, it is evident that both sides of the argument carry some form of the truth. It can be contended that the major characteristics of an individual are formed by their environment, more specifically, their past experiences. An individual’s past moulds and shapes their identity, if they do not make an effort to move on from it.
39). Personality can be determined through several different aspect, but one of the most debatable is that of “nature versus nurture,” nature being a person’s genes and nurture being the environment in which one grew up in. Susan Cain and the material of organizational behavior both have mutual ideas that an individual’s personality traits can potentially be shaped by the genes that we receive from our parents and/or by how or where we were raised whether lower, middle, or upper class, London or Arkansas, with an adoptive family or grandparents, or anything else. Through her research, Cain, who is an introvert, realized that she could have ultimately developed fifty percent, twenty percent, or hundred percent her social skills and behaviors from his parents and childhood environment. As we get older, we become more susceptible to our self-concept, whether we grew up in the confines of our own mind or in an outgoing environment, and engage in life
Eleanor Roosevelt once said, “Great minds discuss ideas; average minds discuss events; small minds discuss people.” Personality is characterized by many dimensions of a person’s overall being. The belief that personality stems from one origin is small minded and on many levels, unsupported. If the scope of personality is expanded, it suggests that there is not a single explanation determining a person’s personality and how it is formed. Personality Theories have been generated for centuries by individuals who desire to identify what distinguishes a person’s personality and how it affects their behaviors. What is it that comprises all the unique characteristics about a person?
Could our psychological development be mainly hereditary, affected by the environment or both? Many psychologists have often questioned whether our personality traits are inherited as a result of genetics; or if they are caused by their surrounding environment through life experiences, the way we were taught, or where we grew up, and therefore learned. We share our parents ' DNA in the physical sense. I might have long legs like my mother and green eyes like my father, but where did I get my love to paint, or my natural athletic abilities.
A layman would define personality as an individual’s characteristics in terms of how they think and behave. Many theorists, however, interprets personality differently resulting in various personality theories. Personality is determined by traits which are behaviours displayed by a person in most given situations. How a person reacts to common circumstances may also be used to foresee future behaviours. Traits are then categorized into types that allow easier comparisons to be made between each individual’s attributes. The focus of this paper would be on the biological aspects of personality whereby traits are thought to be inheritable through genetics and associated with the central nervous system. Behavioural genetics are research that makes use of results from studies done on family, twins and adoptions. The findings of how both genes and environment influences personality from the studies will be discussed. Some researchers found possible issues with the representativeness of such studies. The outline of Eysenck’s biological model of personality and arousal, Gray’s BAS/BIS theory and Cloninger’s biological model of personality will further explain the biological effect on personality.
Many conducted research by looking into identical twins and their personality types. Even when the twins were separated, they expressed some of the same behaviors and traits as their twin which concluded that some traits are inheritable. This thought can go deeper into the brain through a domain called personality neuroscience where people have discovered the dopamine receptor gene (Pastorino & Doyle-Portillo, pg. 479, 2015). This gene influences the amount of serotonin in the brain and can cause greater anxiety levels in these people. The founding of this gene solidifies the fact that biology and personality are indeed
Personality can be defined as an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting. Many personality theorists have put forward claims as to where personality is derived from and how it develops throughout an individual’s life. The two main personality theories this essay will be focusing on is the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) (Bandura, 1986) and the Trait Theory – Five Factor Theory (FFT) (McCrae and Costa, 1995). The SCT allocates a central role to cognitive, observational learning and self-regulatory processes (Bandura, 1986). An individual’s personality develops through experiences with their sociocultural environment. Whereas the Trait Theory proposes that all individuals are predisposed with five traits (Extraversion, Openness, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness and Neuroticism) which determines our personality. This theory also puts forward that personality is stable and cannot change as it’s biologically determined.
Steven Pinker is currently a psychology Professor at Harvard University, and contributes literary publications for The New York Times and The New Republic. Pinker delves into the controversial topic of nature vs. nurture in the article, “Why nature & nurture won’t go away”. In this work, Pinker criticizes the holistic interactionistic view, which states that personality is derived equally from nature and nurture. According to Pinker, they fail to attest for genetic variables that might contribute to personality differences. In contrast to holistic interactionist, Pinker argues that ones genes, culture, peer group, and chanced events contribute to individual personality differences. Steven Pinker exposes and debunks the holistic interactionist stand by effectively using logical evidence to devalue the conformists’ argument. He offers counter-examples, and walks us through the weaknesses in their arguments.
The Biological approach to personality places emphasis on the genetic influences related to the development of an individual’s personality. Some may believe that children and their parents can have very similar personalities, for example a young boy having his father’s anger (Stelmack, 1990). Though this approach has often been questioned by psychologists, it is not disregarded all together. Some believe that genetics do have a role in an individual’s personality development; however environments, as well as personal experiences all work in forming personality.
McCrae, R. R., & Allik, I. U. (2002). The five-factor model of personality across cultures. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
... have come to the conclusion that genetics is very important for the development of personality but even they have to determine how these genes are investigated for the purpose of determining a particular personality. “What scientists have found is that there does not appear to be a single gene for a particular trait, but that genes show their effects by working together in complex combinations. For example, there is no single gene for dancing or music. Whether a child will be musically inclined will be determined by the way that child's genes interact with one another. Some parents would like to believe that by creating an environment rich in music while the child is young will develop the child's talent towards music. However, despite assumptions like this, there is no evidence that shows long term effects of growing up in a particular environment” (Pinker, 2003).
Nature vs nurture debate is an old argument, I believe that nature and nurture both work together. Your genes are something that you are born with but your experiences and how you were raised also make you the person you are today. Experiences and opportunities help you develop your personality. It also provides a valuable training ground for later life. Human culture, behavior, and personality are cause primarily by nature and nurture not nature or
Traits and personality are things that people are born with. Many scientist have shown an interest in what the real factors are that creates a person’s individual personality traits. Human personality has been in constant debate on what influences it the most, nature or nurture. This debate can date back to the Aristotle and Plato time and continues with support for both sides today. Human beings can be genetically lined to fear the unknown and laugh out loud, or be bald, but they are capable of learning to hate reading, love tea, and tell lies as opposed to the truth.
Culture plays a significant role in shaping people’s behaviors. Humans start to expose to culture the day they are born and they learn cultural values through their everyday life interacting with the people and environments around them. The cultural values often help us in guiding our behaviors and provide us a context in helping us identify the proper way of responding to various situations. Culture can help to determine human behaviors because culture can influence individuals’ psychological processes, development of self, and motivation. However, individual differences should also be examined in determining people’s behaviors.
Personality is the expression of a person’s traits according to ones feelings, mentality and behavior. It involves understanding individuals’ traits such as withdrawal and willpower and how various parts of an individual link together to form personality. Personality expresses itself from within an individual and is comparatively regular throughout in an individual’s life. Different people have different personalities dependent on factors such as environment and genetic composition. Our personality is dependent on the success or failure of our development in the eight stages of life. This is proposed by Erik Erikson. Success in the development stages lead to virtues while the failure leads to malignancies.