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Sociological perspectives on pornography
Media and Sexual Content
Media and Sexual Content
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There has been a lot of debate on the legal understandings of term obscene and its usage. Constitutionally, the term is used to define certain behaviors or expressions in motion pictures, art or literature. The law tries to look at the effects that obscenity would have on the morals of the people or on the minds of those that see the material. It also considered the effect some publications would have on the hands that they might fall in. There has been an evolution of the whole idea over the years since the inception and the legalities behind it.
The issue of obscenity was mostly associated with movies and visual productions that produced materials that were accessible to the public. The United States Supreme Court was at the forefront in handling the matter through the Supreme Court (Boyer, 2006, p.167). Free speech for movies was first heralded in 1952 where the motion pictures were to be entitled a protection through the first constitutional amendment in the United States. However the idea was challenged by some institutions in 1954 on the issue of censorship. There was an argument that the movies didn’t have any substantiated protection of the constitution. This was because the movies were just but mere business and their content was developed on the need to compete through amusing and entertaining (Wittern, 2008, p.99). Therefore movies needed to be censored to protect the audience from obscenity. It became hard to have any restraints by the judiciary did not impose a charge on the censorship issue.
Obscenity was taking many shapes in many things that most people get their hands on, ranging from books to magazines. As the world became more industrialized and as globalization took place access to materials that were consid...
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...things keeping on changing. Obscenity is an issue that needs to be addressed now and in the future and this could only be done through the power of the highest court, The Supreme Court.
Works Cited
Slade, Joseph W. Pornography and Sexual Representation: A Reference Guide. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2001. Print.
Boyer, Paul S. The Oxford Companion to United States History. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2006. Internet resource.
Downs, Donald A. The New Politics of Pornography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. Print.
Quinn, A J. Censorship of Obscenity: A Comparison of Canon Law and American Constitutional Law. Rome: Officium Libri Catholici--Catholic Book Agency, 1963. Print.
Wittern-Keller, Laura. Freedom of the Screen: Legal Challenges to State Film Censorship, 1915-1981. Lexington, Ky: University Press of Kentucky, 2008. Internet resource.
Illinois, the constitutional position on obscene material has not changed. The Miller Test, with the revised third prong has remained unaltered and obscenity prosecutions have continued in steady decline from 1990. The dispute and definition of obscenity still persist but with the lack of Supreme Court attention to such matters it development is unlikely. Perhaps the law of obscenity ought to be reexamined and defined to create a more constructive standard. Or, just as feasibly, it could be considered that a unanimous, objective standard is unattainable as Justice Stevens stated in his dissent “De gustibus non est disputandum. Just as there is no arguing about taste, there is no use litigating about
In her essay “Let’s Put Pornography Back in the Closet,” Susan Brownmiller, a prominent feminist activist, argues that pornography should not be protected under the First Amendment (59). Her position is based on the belief that pornography is degrading and abusive towards women (Brownmiller 59). She introduces the reader to the U.S. Constitution’s First Amendment, and explains how it relates to her beliefs on censoring pornographic material (Brownmiller 58). In addition, she provides examples of First Amendment controversies such as Miller v. California and James Joyce’s Ulysses to explain how the law created a system to define pornographic material (Brownmiller 58). She described the system that used a three-part test as confusing (Brownmiller 58). Regardless of whether or not the First Amendment was intended to protect obscenities, she and many others believe that the legislatures should have the final say in the decision of creating and publishing pornography (Brownmiller 60).
A pornographic world [What is normal] by Robert Jensen takes an inside look at the culture of masculinity and what role pornography takes in shaping that culture. Jensen describes how he was forced to play a “macho” role as a child out of fear of being bullied and ridiculed for not being manly enough. Pornography use started for him and his friends in grade school – they would steal magazines and hide them to share in a group later. He talks of how he learned of a social concept, called the “ideal of prostitution” (the notion of men “buying” women in various forms of undress, solely for their pleasure), at a young age. While there has always been a stigma around pornography, whether stemming from moral or religious reasons, Jenson continued to use porn until his 30s.
Chief Justice Warren Burger set three rules that are helpful in determining whether a material is pornographic or not. First, it is important to determine whether the material appeals to the prurient interest if an average person applies contemporary community standards to that materia (Barmore 475)l. Second, determine whether the material describes or depict sexual content, in a patently offensive manner (Barmore 476). Finally, determine whether the entire work lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value (Hafen 210). These three tests can help one determine whether a
To sufficiently take a side in the ever-growing debate of pornography, one must first define the concept around which this discourse surrounds itself. A working definition for pornography is a piece of material that has the object purpose of arousing erotic feelings. Radical feminists, however, strictly define it as “the act of sexual subordination of women” (Dworkin 1986).
Societies often struggle to define censorship. Interestingly, the nineteenth-century did not explicitly define the word “censorship” as Westerners understand it today. The nineteenth-century's definition of censorship is “the office of a censor” and the definition of censor is “an officer of Rome who had the power of correcting manners” (Johnson 112).
Maybe a good place to start with this question is to define the terms “pornography” and “obscenity”. According to the text Communications Law: Liberties, Restraints, and the Modern Media, “pornography is a broad term used to describe all material that is sexually explicit and intended for the purpose of sexual arousal”. (Zelezny, p. 448). The term “obscenity”, according to the same text, “has taken on a narrower legal meaning, indicating a class of sexual material so offensive that it is deemed by the Supreme Court to have virtually no First Amendment protection” (Zelezny, p. 448).
In this paper, I will attempt to review the debate on pornography in Chapter 4 - State and Society - of Philosophy and Contemporary Issues, Seventh Edition by John R. Burr and Milton Goldinger.
When deliberating over whether access to pornography should be prohibited, four areas of contention must be elaborated upon and evaluated critically to provide a sensible basis on which a judgement can be made. Firstly, it must be concluded whether pornography can be classed as a form of speech, and whether it enjoys the same protections as art and literature under the principle. Secondly, works such as those of Catherine MacKinnon can be drawn upon to offer a feminist perspective of the effects of pornography on the treatment of women within modern democratic society. Moreover, the principles of Devlin and Feinberg offer relevant acumen regarding the criminalisation of pornographic media. Overall, this essay will argue that whilst access to pornography should not be entirely prohibited; publications that depict ‘extreme’ situations should be subject to regulation and restriction.
The Wex Legal Dictionary describes the term obscenity as “lewd, filthy, or disgusting words or pictures,” speech that is not protected by the First Amendment (CIT1). Another way one could define this term is words, images, or actions that “offend the sexual morality of its viewers (CIT2).” It is perhaps unsurprising that, in the vast expanse of today’s Internet, where anyone in the world can upload whatever they please, words and images that fall under this category are quite common. Also unsurprising is the fact that there has been more than one court case involving this subject. Obscenity and the Internet often go hand in hand, and share an interesting past, present, and perhaps future.
It is important to define pornography, as well as Tolstoy and Dewey’s definitions of art, in order to set the groundwork for my argument. To begin, in this paper, the term “pornography” refers to anything that, “is sexually explicit material that is primarily designed to produce sexual arousal in viewers.” Furthermore, pornography comes in a variety of media, be that literary, photography or video. For this work, I will be analyzing pornography that comes in video and photographic format, as well as former workers of the pornography industry.
The. Obscenity as a Pornography. Philosophical Problems in the Law. . Reprint of the book. Boston: Clark Baxter, 2013.
Pornography as today, is the representation in books, magazines, photographs, films and media, of scenes of sexual behavior that are erotic or arouse sexual acts. Defining and classifying materials that are considered pornographic has proven somewhat elusive and has varied considerably across time and across different social and cultural context. Pornography can be divided into three categories; Erotica: which are images that express mutual pleasurable sexual expression between people who have enough power to be there by positive choice. Participants have the same power and there is no sexist; Nonviolent pornography: images that have no explicitly violent content but show unequal power relationships;
Noorani, A. G.. "TV Films and Censorship." Economic and Political Weekly 25.6 (1990): 300. Web. 2 Mar. 2014.