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Development of artificial intelligence
Development of artificial intelligence
Development of artificial intelligence
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The Study of Intelligence Agents
The study of intelligence agents has emerged as a more effective, practical alternative to artificial intelligence, or AI research. Alan Kay of Apple Computers and Nicholas Negroponte of MIT first wrote the concept of intelligence agents about in the 1970’s. Although no autonomous agents had been programmed, they envisioned them as an alternative to the development of AI. Throughout the 1950’s most engineers and scientists expected that AI research would bring about artificial personal assistants, who possessed an artificial brain that literally mimicked the nature of real human intelligence. Realizing that this may be too ambitious a goal, agent developers hoped to program more simple software that could, for example, manage schedules, purchase items, organize documents and screen phone calls without needing to emulate human brain waves. This goal for intelligence agents was outlined in a 1987 video presentation, “Knowledge Navigator” put together by Apple (Economist, 76-77).
Intelligent agents are also known as “knowledge robots”, “knowbots”, and currently just “bots.” An intelligent agent is a software program that can autonomously accomplish tasks for a person. They are equivalent to travel agents, such that they do the research and put everything together for a person. This software program is described to have a “trigger” that is built into it and when executed the agent carries out the functions. Agents can function either in the World Wide Web or on the local machine. Some agents work directly of the web, while others need to be downloaded and then function from the local drive. Most of these agents are free to use, and can easily be found on the web.
Many researcher...
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...igence agents developers are not concerned with recreating the human brain, intelligence agents may never be able to fully handle the tasks a human department manger or administrative assistant might, but perhaps for fallible humans, that is a good thing.
Works Cited
“Central Intelligence Agents,” Economist 33 (June 15, 1996): 76-77.
Etzioni, Oren, and Daniel S. Weld. “Intelligent Agents on the Internet: Fact, Fiction, and Forecast” Vol.10, No. 4; August 1995 Found in IEEE Expert
Setton, Dolly. “Invasion of the Virbots,” Forbes (September 11, 2000): 22-26.
Sloman, Aaron. “Building cognitively rich agents using the SIM agent toolkit,”
Communications of the ACM 42 (March 1999): 71-73.
Wilken, Earl. “Search agents ease information quest,” Graphic Arts Monthly 70
(October, 1998): 111-112.
www.botknowledge.com 2000
www.agentland.com
In the essay "The AI Revolution Is On" by Steven Levy, the author stated how new vision of computer intelligence are differ ...
Hence, the prejudice ways that were reflected upon black people just as Jim situation. He was a slave and then became a runaway slave because he did not believe that, that was the life for him. Giving the original readers a rather difficult time in understanding how Twain viewed the racial discrimination he portrayed through Jim and Finn, as being equals, having Huck be humane towards Jim and may have been one of the many main readers Twain published this book. Having shown his reader’s the relationship young Huck and Jim shared their experiences and traveling together in the search for both of the freedoms. Jim was seeking freedom from the slavery while Finn was trying to find where he belonged because he felt that even know he was of the lowest class in the white society he still did not fit with anyone of his kind. Needless to say, through the process, Jim became a father figure to Huck if anything that again was a challenge set into place. As white folks would definitely not accept this gesture or act of kindness between a slave and a white young teenage
... fact he speak to a number of adults to answer his peculiar question and “touchy" topics. Most likely Holden’s parents are conservative folks that disapprove with Holden’s behavior. His parent weren't great at raising Holden because they weren't there for Holden's needs. All they did was send out Holden to a school for years rather than looking for a solution to his problem. Another observation, he doesn't want to go home after being kicked out of school, which is usually a place you want to go to because home is safe and comfortable but instead, brings Holden anxiety and distress. His trouble with his parents probably has to do with his younger brother's death, Allie. After Allie’s death, his parents probably put the rest aside to grieve his son’s death. The parents didn't realize that Holden was affected by Allie’s death and might of neglect him for years.
Feudalism is a system depending on loyalty and obligations of all the levels, meeting the needs of its people because everyone would benefit in some way. The Hundred Years war was the start of the decline of feudalism through its military by changing what the Lord’s needed the military to have and as a result, making the lower class wealthier and more powerful. Every class had an important role that needed to be filled for feudalism to meet all of the people’s needs. King Edward the third died without a direct heir, leaving the lands of France unclaimed. The King of England tried to claim the land and as a result, started a 116 year long war that went on for many lifetimes. Proving your worth will get you to be well known, for instance, Edward the black prince said "My father is right. I need no aid. My men will hold their post as long as they have strength to stand." And then he rode where the battle was still furiously raging, and encouraged his men. The king of France led his force a number of times against the prince's line, but could not break it and was at last compelled to retire (Richardson)
Feudalism was an economic and governmental structure in which land was divided into smaller pieces based on people’s servitude. Vassals were subjects to whom a higher authority would grant land in exchange for their loyalty and service. The kingdom’s ruler would give his higher-classed subjects vassalages, making them lord of their territory. These lords and nobles then split their land among their own servants, who in turn did the same. In this system, the King’s land was broken up into many small subdivisions.
West Africa was greatly impacted by the Atlantic Slave Trade. Though there were countless negative effects, some short-term positive effects did occur. First off, the slave trade directly correlated with the number of wars in Africa. As demand for slaves increased, so did the quantity of wars to capture them. African kingdoms would wage war and go on raids in order to supply prisoners of war to sell. This was a start of a domino effect, in which kingdoms and tribes would capture slaves, trade them for guns to become more powerful, and then use said power to enslave even more people. A vicious cycle was created in Africa as a result of the slave trade. In spite of these negative effects, it is arguable that it was slightly beneficial for a
One of the hottest topics that modern science has been focusing on for a long time is the field of artificial intelligence, the study of intelligence in machines or, according to Minsky, “the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men”.(qtd in Copeland 1). Artificial Intelligence has a lot of applications and is used in many areas. “We often don’t notice it but AI is all around us. It is present in computer games, in the cruise control in our cars and the servers that route our email.” (BBC 1). Different goals have been set for the science of Artificial Intelligence, but according to Whitby the most mentioned idea about the goal of AI is provided by the Turing Test. This test is also called the imitation game, since it is basically a game in which a computer imitates a conversating human. In an analysis of the Turing Test I will focus on its features, its historical background and the evaluation of its validity and importance.
The official foundations for "artificial intelligence" were set forth by A. M. Turing, in his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" wherein he also coined the term and made predictions about the field. He claimed that by 1960, a computer would be able to formulate and prove complex mathematical theorems, write music and poetry, become world chess champion, and pass his test of artificial intelligences. In his test, a computer is required to carry on a compelling conversation with humans, fooling them into believing they are speaking with another human. All of his predictions require a computer to think and reason in the same manner as a human. Despite 50 years of effort, only the chess championship has come true. By refocusing artificial intelligence research to a more humanlike, cognitive model, the field will create machines that are truly intelligent, capable of meet Turing's goals. Currently, the only "intelligent" programs and computers are not really intelligent at all, but rather they are clever applications of different algorithms lacking expandability and versatility. The human intellect has only been used in limited ways in the artificial intelligence field, however it is the ideal model upon which to base research. Concentrating research on a more cognitive model will allow the artificial intelligence (AI) field to create more intelligent entities and ultimately, once appropriate hardware exists, a true AI.
The seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries saw the emergence and eventual abolishment of one of the most detrimental enterprises in African history, the slave trade. The trans-Atlantic slave trade, born out of an inevitable economic push, radically changed society in African communities, particularly those of West Africa. The effects of the slave trade influenced nearly every aspect of life in Africa from the daily habits of people to the entire commercial and political system of the region. Simply put, the trans-Atlantic slave trade impacted African peoples socially, economically, and politically.
Human genetic engineering has the capability to transmit usually fatal diseases. Although transmission is highly unlikely, it is one of the risk factors scientists have taken into great consideration. If animal cells or organs are transplanted into humans, zoonotic diseases may be spread. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses, and Nipah Encephalitis are all potentially fatal zoonotic diseases that could be transferred (Glenn). According to Linda MacDonald Glenn, J.D., L.L.M., “The introduction of these diseases to the human population could have devastating consequences” (Glenn). Human genetic engineering may also cause the production of unwanted mutations such as developmental issues. The procedures that would be used for genetically modifying human cells would include numerous alterations to sperm, eggs, stem cells, or embryos before entering a woman’s uterus. This could potentially modify the growth and development of the fetus in ways that have not yet b...
Artificial Intelligence, also known as AI, allows a machine to function as if the machine has the capability to think like a human. While we are not expecting any hovering cars anytime soon, artificial intelligence is projected to have a major impact on the labor force and will likely replace about half the workforce in the United States in the decades to come. The research in artificial intelligence is advancing rapidly at an unstoppable rate. So while many people feel threatened by the possibility of a robot taking over their job, computer scientists actually propose that robots would benefit a country’s efficiency of production, allowing individuals to reap the benefits of the robots. For the advantage of all, researchers and analysts have begun to mend the past ideas of human-robot interaction. They have pulled inspiration from literary works of Isaac Asimov whom many saw as the first roboticist ahead of his time, and have also gotten ideas of scholarly research done by expert analysts. These efforts have began to create an idea of a work force where humans and robots work together in harmony, on a daily basis.
Warring European states adopted feudalism in order to introduce structure and efficiency into the lives of the people during the Middle Ages. It featured serfs, who were managed by the knights, who answered to the lords that were appointed by the kings. While the serfs worked for the knights, and the knights provided protection
In order to see how artificial intelligence plays a role on today’s society, I believe it is important to dispel any misconceptions about what artificial intelligence is. Artificial intelligence has been defined many different ways, but the commonality between all of them is that artificial intelligence theory and development of computer systems that are able to perform tasks that would normally require a human intelligence such as decision making, visual recognition, or speech recognition. However, human intelligence is a very ambiguous term. I believe there are three main attributes an artificial intelligence system has that makes it representative of human intelligence (Source 1). The first is problem solving, the ability to look ahead several steps in the decision making process and being able to choose the best solution (Source 1). The second is the representation of knowledge (Source 1). While knowledge is usually gained through experience or education, intelligent agents could very well possibly have a different form of knowledge. Access to the internet, the la...
In considering the definitions and implications of Artificial Intelligence, many philosophers have reached extremely different conclusions. Alan Turing, author of the Turing Test, believed that an intelligent machine would be able to imitate perfectly a human. Margaret Boden, Professor of Philosophy and Psychology at the University of Sussex, contends that a machine is intelligent if it possesses and displays certain human values. Moving away from the pure...
Artificial Intelligence “is the ability of a human-made machine to emulate or simulate human methods for the deductive and inductive acquisition and application of knowledge and reason” (Bock, 182). The early years of artificial intelligence were seen through robots as they exemplified the advances and potential, while today AI has been integrated society through technology. The beginning of the thought of artificial intelligence happened concurrently with the rise of computers and the dotcom boom. For many, the utilization of computers in the world was the most advanced role they could ever see machines taking. However, life has drastically changed from the 1950s. This essay will explore the history of artificial intelligence, discuss the