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Development of instrumental music during the baroque era
Essays on the baroque musical style
Essays on the baroque musical style
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The Second Movement
The Second Movement, Giuoco Delle Coppie, is a chain of five dances,
with each new tune presented by pairs of instruments. The movement is
in ternary form (ABA) and is very rhythmic, and there is also a lot of
parallel movement throughout the movement.
The first tune is introduced in bar 9 with the Bassoons in parallel
6ths. In this tune, the phrases end with trills, a typical Baroque
influence.
The second tune comes in in bar 25 with the Oboes a third apart, a
typical Baroque device. This tune is very staccato. In bar 35 there
is a descending staccato sequence in the Oboe part.
Tune three is brought in in bar 45 in the Clarinets. The Clarinets
are playing in parallel 7ths.
In bar 60 the flutes bring in the forth theme a fifth apart. In bar
62 there is an octatonic scale, consisting of alternating tones and
semitones.
Bar 90 sees the introduction of the fifth and final tune. This tune
is played by the Trumpets who are muted and are playing a second
apart. In bar 116 the trumpets have the side drum rhythm from the
opening of the movement. It is a recurring tattoo, very much like a
Baroque Ritornello. The III Trumpet plays a held muted note to end
Section A.
Section B begins at bar 123 with a homophonic Brass Chorale. At the
end of a phrase in a Chorale, there is usually meant to be a pause,
and to achieve that effect in this, Bartok uses tied minims instead.
There is a short question and answer figure starting at bad 158 in the
woodwind, acting as a bridge passage back into the A Section again at
165.
The Bassoons start Section A again with the first tune played a third
apart in I and II Bassoon, and a staccato contrary motion counter
melody in III Bassoon.
The second tune starts in bar 181 in the Oboes, playing a third
At bar 54 the theme in the oboe, clarinets and cellos is based on the
1. Wide-ranging, dynamically expressive tonal melodies are played in equal temperament and generated from logical tonal harmonic progressions. 2. A simple, isometric, and restricted rhythmic range is used. 3. The texture is homophonic, that is, a principal melody line with accompaniment. 4. Clear periodic formal structure is favored. 5. The instrumentarium is restricted and standardized.
The Irish song “The Dingle Set” features a fiddle, a flute, and many other instruments, including stringed instruments, clapping and human voices. This piece is set to a very quick tempo that only changes when it abruptly stops at the very end of the piece and it is in a duple meter with a very distinct melody played by a fiddle with harmonies underneath it. All of the instrumental parts are either homophonic with the melody or the piece can be considered polyphonic with other parts playing underneath such as a stringed part outlining the downbeats. It has two sections, the first of which has the pattern AABB twice with the whole ensemble playing full. After that, the ensemble drops out the the fiddle plays both parts solo, then variations
The governmental leaders of the United States of America began implementing Indian policies from its inception. As Euro-Americans they expected all non-whites in the U.S. to assimilate into a Euro-American (Christian) lifestyle, without reciprocation or sympathy to the traditions and history of our native people. Our founding fathers and subsequent leaders of the United States at varying times have used suppression, segregation, aggression, and assimilation to manage what they perceived as an Indian problem, and civilize them. The native peoples of North America have responded to these actions by, at times, complying with the U.S. government and allowing themselves to be relocated to other areas of the country leaving behind their ancestral
last, which is four lines. In the first three stanzas, the poem is told in
The fifth song was a ballad called “Last Night When We Were Young.” This song had a relaxing and romantic sound. It had a steady and constant tempo. The bassist also used the pizzicato technique during his solo in this piece.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, European powers were in the process of mobilizing for the first world war after years of global imperialism, and the United States, after temporarily resolving the problems of Reconstruction and Industrialization, began to resume the course of expansion reaching out toward Asia and the Pacific. This era was consumed by limited choices in popular culture and dance, yet several dances began to emerge as a dominant form of art other than ballet. Born in 1878 to 1968, Ruth St. Denis was an American dancer renowned as a founder of modern dance, a sensational performer, and influential teacher. St. Denis was a pioneer in American modern dance and was able to successfully explore dance forms from diverse world religious and spiritual expression. She became very interested in the dancing techniques and emotions of Eastern cultures and created her own theory of dance based upon all of her early training, performers she worked with, and her reading on mythology and various cultures. She was equally influenced by philosophy, cultural history, and contemporary art. In particular, St. Denis was enamored with spirituality and the orient. For example, St. Denis learned about Buddhism, and the immediate context of spirituality inspired her to translate this energy in to choreographic practices that merged spiritual rituals with dance and movement . One of her earliest pieces, Incense, was first performed in 1906 in New York’s Hudson Theater. Incense is based upon the Hindu ritual of puja, in which an individual worships the deities with offerings of flowers, fruit and incense . Although her choices in dance were limited at the time of the turn of the 20th century, Ruth St. Denis was able to incorporate ...
The piano plays the main themes, and it was absent from playing before. The piano plays two octaves in the treble register. There is a viola in the background playing a counter melody, which slows towards
The opening theme consists of a sinister sounding, descending organ phrase made from the notes A,
This is how I heard the music, piece by piece with some help to understand and ...
The texture is polyphonic. It has a slow tempo and there is no presence of accelerando or ritardando. Harmony is a consonant of the word. Melody is conjunct and peaceful. Has a lot of repetition.
The brass plays an ascending sequence, followed by pizzicato notes played by the strings, and an ascending and descending scale on the harp. Strings and oboe play the rhythmic melody, whilst the trumpet plays fanfares in syncopation. The oboe is then replaced by the flute. There is an ascending scale played by the strings, then the brass section repeats the string and oboe melody with cymbal crashes at cadence points. The orchestra then plays a loud melody with cymbal crashes and drum rolls. There is an interrupted cadence, followed by crescendo with cymbal crashes and a brass ostinato. The piece ends with a perfect cadence.
In bars 9-13, it is evident that Bach had thought of the bass prior to the creation of the right-hand harmony, letting it remain the same from previous measures. Afterwards, in mm. 22-25, the move to the subdominant is emphasized by using extensive scales instead of the florid counterpoints. The inversion of bars 9-13 is then found in bars 26-29. Bars 26-34 recall the original key, modulating from subdominant D flat back to A flat, restating the main subject of the prelude. The fugue’s subject is introduced in the tenor voice, with the answer being in the bass. After a fairly prolonged codetta, the subject and answer comes in, in treble and alto respectively. Much of the piece is based on the counterpoint found in bar 2. Throughout the piece, there are five episodes. Bars 7-10 are formed on the counterpoint found in bar 2. The second episode is based from bar 3, with an inversion of the third voice; an inverted version is later identified in episode 4. Another inversion of the second is established in bars 14-17. At last, bars 25-27 is constructed from the passage of semiquavers in bars 2-3 in tenor, with the addition of treble and alto
... then plays allegro passages of semi quavers, accompanied by timpani and descending scales in the woodwind. The clarinet, takes over the main melody whilst the cello accompanies with sequences. The French horn takes over the melody, accompanied by the strings. The flute briefly plays the melody before the cello plays octaves, accompanying the woodwind as they play a reprise of the DSCH theme and the timpani crashes. Repeating the themes in the first movement, the cello plays the DSCH motif followed by the "tate ta, tate ta" rhythm in the strings. The horn then plays the theme in augmentation, whilst the cello plays passages of ascending and descending scales, and the theme is heard again in the strings. The movement builds up with the motif appearing increasingly often in the woodwind and strings and climaxes with octaves by the soloist and a boom from the timpani.
...chestral introduction with an imperfect cadence. A strong rhythmic ¾ allegro passage, with sequences and descending scales is played by the orchestra, with timpani and cymbals. The music modulates, and a short, quiet woodwind passage is then alternated with an orchestral passage with dotted rhythms, creating a `terraced dynamics' effect. Part B begins with a major clarinet melody accompanied by pizzicato strings. A minor flute sequence follows, and is followed by a repetition of the oboe melody. A string sequence is then played, imitated by the oboe. There is a crescendo, then the rhythmic orchestral melody returns, alternated with a short flute passage. There are suspensions, descending scales and a crescendo, followed by a strong rhythmic passage with the timpani playing on the beat. Imperfect cadences are played, before the piece finishes with a perfect cadence.