Micro RNAs (miRNA’s) are created from microgenes and are a molecule that is aproximetly 22 base pairs in length, they are thought to coordinate the expression of genes that are protein coding in eukaryotes. Over 1000 have been discovered and they seem to compromise a secondary level of control that is likely to coordinate the genome function in humans and other complex organisms (Elliot and Elliot)
It is also known that these miRNA help initiate the degradation of mRNA and prevent the translation of mRNA into protein through a process known as RNA interference. (Pierce, Benjamin A). There is a miRNA- induced silencing complex (miRISC) which links up with mature miRNA. This forms a complex which blocks translation via the binding to mRNA, (Phillips ,Theresa) miRNAs are able to target up to several hundred genes through binding to different regions and imperfect base pairing. (Larson, Richard A)
miRNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of genes by binding to complementary regions; this is done commonly with the 3’UTR of target mRNA resulting in mRNA degradation and translational repression.(Goodal). Bound to an argonaute protein all miRNAs require this for miRNA function( Nilsen, Timothy W.
Gene regulation is the process of turning on and off the genes in our cells as they are required. This is needed as every cell in our bodies has a complete set of the genome, and the difference between cells is what genes are being expressed and not expressed within them. The differentiation between cells is due to different regulatory elements. (Yoon, Wan Hee) This differentiation is due to gene regulation which occurs at the level of transcription in the cells. Operons promoters and repressors are all strong...
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...illiam H Elliot and Daphne C Elliot
Genetics: A conceptual Approach, Fourth Edition, 2012
Small Non-coding RNA and Gene Expression
o By: Theresa Phillips, Ph.D. (Write Science Right) © 2008 Nature Education)
the role of microRNAs in development, department of biological chemistry john Hopkins university school of medicine biowave vol 11 no 11 2009 Wan Hee Yoon
• MicroRNAs and copy number changes: New levels of gene regulation in acute myeloid leukemia Richard A. Larson, MD 2010 March 19
• The roles of microRNAs in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis Weining Yang1, Daniel Y Lee 2, Yaacov Ben-David1 Accepted June 11, 2011.
FOXP3 regulated microRNAs: a novel component of FOXP3 tumor suppressor function in breast epithelial cells: Goodal, Brown, Brown , Cowin and venter
MicroRNAs: SMALL RNAs WITH A BIG ROLE IN GENE REGULATION
Lin He and Gregory J. Hannon
Miller, Kenneth R. and Joseph S. Levine. “Chapter 12: DNA and RNA.” Biology. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc., 2002. Print.
Sansone, Randy A., and Lori A. Sansone. "Abstract." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 09 Apr. 2014.
Schulman, Joshua M., and David E. Fisher. "Abstract." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 28 Aug. 0005. Web. 24 Apr. 2014.
Nikitina, E. G., Urazova, L. N., & Stegny, V. N. (2012). MicroRNAs and Human Cancer.Experimental Oncology, 34(1), 2-8. Retrieved from http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/chem_biol/eol/2012_1/002.pdf
...39-0512-6_10.Use of Genome-Wide RNAi Screens to Identify Regulators of Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency and Self-Renewal. Zheng X1, Hu G.
- Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML): Is a cancer of the bone marrow and the blood that will progress quickly without treatment. This type of leukemia affects mainly the cells that aren’t fully developed. Therefore, making the cells not carry out their normal functions. With this type of dysfunctional activity in the cells at an early stage, this why it is very important to get care and treatment as soon as possible.
Genetic engineering, sometimes called genetic modification, is the process to alter the structure and nature of genes in humans, plants, and animals (what is genetic engineering). Because DNA is a code that is universal, genes can be manipulated
RNA Interference has been successfully applied in many fields of medicines used to treat issues such as, Parkinson’s and Lung Cancer. One study, sponsored by Alnylam Phar...
... have been doing a phenomenal job of figuring this out. DNA is the chemical in each cell that carries our genes. DNA is the source of just about everything. It not only determines what we look like, but also many other things. Instructions are on some of our genes to let them know when they need to multiply and divide. Cancers can be caused by DNA defects.
This enormous set of instructions fits within a single cell and routinely directs the formation of entire adult humans, starting with just a single fertilized egg. Even the DNA of a bacterium is highly complex, containing at least 3 million units that all are aligned in a very precise, meaningful sequence. DNA is described as a miniaturized marvel and with information so compactly stored that the amount of DNA necessary to code all the people living on our planet might fit into a space no larger than an aspirin tablet.
“A gene is a segment of DNA or a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that code for a functional product,” Tortora. Microbiology. p. 575. The syllable of the syllable. These genes not only affect our outlook, but also play a role.
The. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2002. Print. The. The "Epigenetics" of the "Epigenetic PBS. PBS, 09 Jan. 2000.
Kanwar, V.S. (2013, Sep 16). Diseases & Conditions - Medscape Reference. Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Retrieved January 13, 2014, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/990113-overview#a0156
Campbell N. A., Reece L. A., Cain M. L., Wasserman S. A., Minorsky P. V. and Jackson R. B. (2008). Regulation of Gene Expression
A recent field of biology, called epigenetics, is rapidly transforming previous ideas on the impact of genes. The...