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Nationalism in the 19th century
Rise of nationalism in europe in the 19th century
Nationalism in the 19th century
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The rise of European nationalism in the 19th Century brought with it an overabundance amount of change that would definitively modify the course of history. The rise of nationalism in one country would rouse greater nationalism in another, which would in turn, motivate even greater nationalism in the first, progressively intensifying the cycle that eventually concluded in a World War. Nationalism as an ideology produced international competition which inspired absolute allegiance to an individual’s nation state. The ideology was fueled by industrial commerce and imperialistic developments which led to nation-states pursuits of outcompeting rival nations.
Nationalisms powerful and intense impact on individuals is demonstrated in Rudolf von Ihering’s Two Letters (1866). By offering individuals a group to be a part of became something which appeared to be boundless in its potential for prosperity and it gave individuals a sense of empowerment. Initially, Von Ihering had rigorously opposed Realpolitik’s policies which were employed by Otto von Bismarck, declaring that, “everyone [in Ger...
Nationalism is a devotion and loyalty to one’s own nation, with primary emphasis on furthering its interests as opposed to those of other countries. This feeling widely spread throughout Europe during the 19th and 10th centuries and caused many problems. The Slavic people of Bosnia and Herzegovina wanted to break away from Austria-Hungary and unify with other Slavic nations. Russia as a Slavic nation backed up the two countries in this matter, therefore causing tensions between Austria-Hungary and itself. Nationalism was also a source of anger between France and Germany as France resented its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871).
Nationalism, the spirit or aspirations common to the whole of a nation, an importing factor to many countries due to its importance; The people of their nation and their “ality” makes up the country they choose to be and grow in. Citizens showed their nationalism through national anthems and written passages as Russia has done, which contains the saying that they will never be conquered or overthrown (document five). However, due to the utmost prominence of their patriotism reaching out to other countries, it helped cause the First World War, World War I.
Patriotism, as defined by sociology, is the “love and commitment to one’s country. The sociological definition for nationalism, however, is “a sense of superiority over others” (Kemmelmeier 859). Compared to nationalism, patriotism is benign in definition. With nationalism, there is “them” and then there is “us”; in essence, it creates a strong schism between nations. Radical nationalism is a severe issue as it has high potential in causing conflicts between nations. One of the most notorious examples from history is World War II. Following World War I, Germany was in shambles; the economic and political state of Germany left it vulnerable to the rise of Adolf Hitler. The bitter resentment resulting from the conclusion of World War I in combination with a new, jingoist dictator led to the creation of radical nationalism within Germany. This nationalism led to the willingness to kill indiscriminately for the country under the belief that Germany was a far superior nation and all other nations needed to be eradicated, thus leading to global
Nationalism has a long history although most scholarly research on Nationalism only began in the mid-twentieth century. Some scholars point to the French Revolution of 1789 as the birth of Nationalism. The French Revolution is seen...
Otto Von Bismarck, the most well-known practitioner of Realpolitik, and also the first to coin the term Realpolitik, sought to advance the power and welfare of Prussia. One of the first surprising initiatives taken by Bismarck to achieve stability, and ensure the interest of his country was to integrate the nationalism of the liberals with the views of the Junkers, this ve...
Nationalism, the love and support of one's country, has always existed. In this era, however, it was to take part in the creation of one of the most famous wars in history. Since so much pride was devoted to countries, it made the possibilities of peace between past rivals less probable. It also meant that most nations, especially the great powers, would rather fight a war than back down from a rival's diplomatic provocation. In effect, nationalism was also a contributing factor to the alliance system. No country feels comfortable being in a war alone, and with the growing militaries in almost every country, allies provided much comfort.
Prussia was well prepared for war, with three Prussian armies sweeping Bohemia, and the battle of Sadowa, Austria suffered defeat. Nationalism was viewed in so many different ways by so many different leaders and society. Many conflicts and wars had a long term impact on Nationalism, but some conflicts had a small impact on Nationalism. The Frankfurt Constitution was written and published and is a document of German History today. The article “On the Duties of Man”, by Giuseppe Mazzini and how the map of Europe was redrawn, which had a huge impact on Nationalism.
Nationalism has played a crucial role in world history over the past centuries. It continues to do so today. For many, nationalism is indelibly associated with some of the worst aspects of modern history, such as the destructive confidence of the Napoleon’s army and the murderous pride of Nazi Germany. Large numbers of people, descent in their hearts, have carried out unbelievable atrocities for no better reason than their nation required them to. Authoritarian and totalitarian regime have crushed dissent, eliminated opposition, and trampled on civil liberties in the name of the nation.
Throughout the early 1800s, traits of political patriotism helped promote nationalism throughout the United States. Events of peaceful agreements from the European countries helped build up nationalistic values that would become more prominent in the following years. Post 1812, a wave of nationalism became distinct after the defeat of the British. America's political foundations started to form during this era, as under John Marshall’s court cases showed a glimmering power of the Supreme Court and other federal components; in most cases, having a greater surge of power than in individual states. From such power from the national level, America began to ease off of foreign affairs, and expected the same from other countries.
“Nationalism is a feeling that people have of being loyal to and proud of their country often with the belief that it is better and more important than other countries, or a desire by a large group of people (such as people who share the same culture, history, language, etc.) to form a separate and independent nation of their own”, (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). Acts of nationalism within the 1930’s and 1940’s were significant contributing factors to the outbreak, and continuation of the Second World War. Nationalism held significant contributions to the war as it altered the purpose, validity, and meaning of the media. Nationalism was highly influential, as it caused more than one nation to want to expand their borders, with the goal of displaying
“Bismarck and German Nationalism.” The American Historical Review Vol. 60, No.3 (1955): pg. 78. 548-556.
The creation of alliances successfully influenced new Imperialism and Nationalism began to sweep across Europe. Nationalism was caused by all European people wanting separate countries and wanted it to excel over others.
Nationalism is the pride in one's country. There were countries all over Europe boasting with pride and there were smaller nations within larger ones boating with pride but lacking independence. They were proud of their heritage, of their culture, or their beliefs and they wanted to express the abilities ten fold, this led to the desire for independence. Within the Balkans, the intense nationalism of Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians, and other ethnic groups led to demands for independence. (“World History Online Textbook) Additionally, this excessive pride in one's counties leads to a feeling of superiority. Countries think they are the best and want their country to succeed. And if they feel their country had been wronged this could force many to go to war, such is America's role in world war I. America as the very beginning of the war had declared itself neutral. They had no desire to lose thousands of people in a war, lose trade, and spend copious amounts of money on the deeds of war. In 1914, when war broke out President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed America's neutrality.(Foner, Eric) But as a prideful country, when threats were made the American people were angry. One of the biggest incidents that led America to join the war was when The Lusitania ship was sunk by Germans and killed 124 Americans. (Foner, Eric) The people were outraged and it this caused Germany
The rise of nationalism and its mark on the history of Europe was quite profound. The unification of major powers and the civil unrest on the journey to unification created a large chapter of history in the nineteenth century. By the 1900s the mark of nationalism had been left on Italy, Germany, France and Great Britain. The major European powers had come through great trials to set the stage for the twentieth century and the conflicts that will erupt. Nationalism will be remembered as a great period of change and growth.
Nationalism is an elusive concept and there is the need to classify the variety of ideologies and movements in order to understand nationalism. It is also important to appreciate the underlying reality of a nation in the creation of nationalism. Although there are those who argue that the nation exists only in the imagination and that it can be deconstructed away, nations an nationalism are sociologically real notwithstanding that its reality is different from the understanding of nationalists themselves. Nations and nationalism are also modern occurrences as the basic features of the modern world need nations and nationalism. Nationalism did not exist before the eighteenth century. Although a few nations could be found before the beginning