Understanding Non-Revenue Water: Definitions and Components

1324 Words3 Pages

NRW as defined by (Kingdom et al. 2006) is the difference between the volume of water put into a water distribution system and the volume that is billed to customers. According to Rudolf Frauendorfer and Roland Limburger, NRW has a precise and simple definition. It is the change between the volume of water put into a water distribution system and the volume that is billed to customers, which includes three components viz; Physical or real losses, Commercial or apparent losses and Unbilled authorized consumption to ( Frauendorfer R and Limburger R, 2010).
NRW is defined as (Kahsay N. Zeraebruk, 2014) the difference between water supplied and water sold, voiced as a percentage of net water supplied. It denotes water that has been produced and …show more content…

All water utilities incur leakage losses; only the amount varies. Leaks and most visible main breaks occur for a variety of reasons, including poor installation workmanship or materials, corrosion, external forces, environmental extremes, and other causes. Leakage is always occurring, and only grows worse if left unchecked. Therefore, all water utilities should provide system maintenance and upkeep functions that include appropriate components of leakage management: active leakage control, timely quality repair, water main rehabilitation, and pressure management. (Mark Mathis, 2008)
1.1.2.2. IMPACT OF NON-REVENUE WATER: The Vicious and Virtuous …show more content…

Asmelash has applied a top- down water balance approach. He has utilized Limburger and Fairley’s formula to solve NRW. He has got a final finding as the total loss equal to 39.1% of the system input volume which was greater than the average non-revenue water percentage of developing country.
Even if the above ways of finding NRW is implemented in different countries water supply system, it is different from country to country based on condition of existing water networks. Figure (1.4) shows and stated NRW rates (SWAN, 2011). We can identify that NRW ranged from about 70% to 4%. Figure (1.4): Stated NRW Rates (SWAN,

Open Document