Primordial Soup Theory claims that life began in a pond or a ocean because of a combination of chemicals from the atmosphere and some form of energy to make amino acids, the monomers of proteins, which would then evolve into all the species. In this theory, the basic building blocks of life came from simple molecules which form the atmosphere.This was then energized by lightning and rain.According to this theory the first organism’s would have to be simple heterotrophs.They would become autotrophs through mutation.However,evidence now suggests that the first organisms were autotrophs..The scientists involved in the hypothesis were A.I Oparin,J.B.S.Haldane, Stanley Miller,Harold Urey, Sidney Fox.Oparin and Haldane both independently developed the hypothesis in 1920.Miller and Urey tested the theory in …show more content…
1950.They mixed gasses thought to be on primitive earth.The gasses mixed were methane(CH4),ammonia(NH3),hydrogen(H2), and NO OXYGEN. Then they used electricity as a substitute for lightning.The results were amino acids. Later it was discovered that other energies, such as ultraviolet light, heat ,and shock, can excite gases and produce all 20 amino acids. This was the reason that the scientists that supported this theory supported it.This was also their evidence. The RNA world hypothesis is a theory of an RNA world where life begins with self-replicating RNA molecules. It emerged from the theory of primordial soup.In the theory RNA stored genetic information and catalyzed the chemical reactions in primitive cells.Only later in evolutionary time did DNA take over as the genetic material and protiens become the major catalyst and structural component of cells.There weren’t any famous experiments used to test the hypothesis. Scientists involved in the hypothesis include Francis Crick, Leslie Orgel, Carl Woese’s, Alexander Rich, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, Hans Kuhn, and Walter Gilbert. Carl Woese wrote a book on the hypothesis in 1967 named The Genetic Code. Scientists support this theory because RNA can work as a catalyst and an enzyme.Scientists proof behind why the hypothesis could be correct is that RNA can self replicate itself and synthesis with other RNA molecules. The idea for the iron sulfur world theory of the origin of life was put forward by a person named Gunter Wachtershauser. The iron sulfur world theory claims that hydrothermal vents would be a reactor for RNA. It was brought about from the RNA world theory.The organisms in this theory use the gases produced by the vents and use chemicals to produce simple organisms and support their ecosystem in a way similar to plants using photosynthesis. This theory was proposed between 1988 and 1992. Experiments involved exploring the potential catalytic role of iron sulfide at 250 degrees celsius. Scientists have provided experimental evidence in the support of the iron sulfur world theory such as the accumulation of amino acids on a pyrite surface. Additionally, the theory is supported by circumstantial evidence in modern life. Molecular studies of a species ancestry based on RNA has shown has shown that most ancient organisms were thermophilic and hydrophilic bacteria and able to survive on sulfur and methane. The community clay hypothesis is a hypothesis formed by Graham Cains-Smith and presented in 1982.There are no well known experiments on the community clay hypothesis.The theory claims that the molecules that are in life might have been concentrated and helped to organize themselves in patterns by clay. Cairns-Smith’s evidence and reasoning for this is that since the main role of DNA is to store information on how molecules should be arranged, and genetic sequences in DNA are essentially instructions on how amino acids should be arranged in proteins, mineral crystals in clay could have arranged organic molecules into patterns. After a some time, organic molecules took over this job and organized themselves. The panspermia hypothesis is the hypothesis that organic molecules are all over the universe and that life originated from those molecules called seeds because Panspermia in Greek literally translates to “seeds everywhere”. The first known mention of the concept of panspermia was in the writings of the Greek philosopher Anaxagoras(500 BC- 428 BC).Recent support for Panspermia is that a meteorite blasted of the surface of mars about 15 million years ago was found in Antarctica in 1984 by a team of scientists was shown to contain structures that may be the remains of terrestrial nanobacteria. My research paper consists of the primordial soup hypothesis, iron sulfur world hypothesis, deep sea vent hypothesis, RNA world hypothesis, community clay hypothesis, and the panspermia hypothesis.The primordial soup, iron sulfur world, deep sea vent, and RNA world hypothesis are very closely related.Deep sea vent hypothesis is a way that the iron sulfur world hypothesis can happen, the iron sulfur world hypothesis is a way that the RNA world hypothesis could happen, and the RNA world hypothesis is a way the primordial soup theory could happen.The community clay hypothesis and the panspermia hypothesis are kind of alone together.Scientists that support panspermia have many theories on how panspermia could have started life on earth.However, through panspermia there could have been organic matter ,referred to as seeds in the theory, on earth, and through community clay the “seeds” and the clay could have met and the clay could have helped the organic molecules to organize and arrange themselves which could start life or at least help evolve it.
Community clay hypothesis can apply to the other theories to by clay being something that helped life
evolve.
Creation Untamed, by Terence E. Frcthcim The book, Creation Untamed: The Bihle, God, and Natural Dísasters, by Terencc E. Fretheim, is a dedicatecl Olcl Testament theological interpretation of human sufTering, especially during a natural disaster. Frethcim explores on of the most disturbing questions in human life, about the presence and role of God when a natural disaster occurs. In answering the question, thc author provides an interactive analysis and a ncw perspective of human suffering and natural disasters offered by some well-known Old Testament incidcnces, such as the account of creation, Noah and the great flood, and the suffering of Job. The biblical excerpts provide the guide to Fretheim's discussion as hc highlights the natures,
Madurodam has been the smallest city in the Netherlands since its inception in 1952. Its tributaries and canals measuring no more than a finger’s width. Its ornately crafted Dutch gabled houses would make amiable summer residences for rodents. Its immaculate portrayal of railway lines would have any train-spotter paralyzed with awe. This war-monument-turned-amusement-park steals the imagination of children and adults alike. There is a certain human tendency to associate affection with objects of a reduced size. Maybe it is this affection that serves as the reason almost all of the toys we make for children, as Roland Barthes puts it, “are essentially a microcosm of the adult world [...] reduced copies of human objects,” (“Toys” 689). One might argue that toys of this kind allow for the child to more quickly adjust to the conventions of the world they are about to be members of, but does such ritual conformity repress creative freedom, a birth right of every child?
Ted Bieler’s Helix of Life (1971) that is located outside the Medical Sciences building at University of Toronto is a sculpture made from a light grey concrete material. Its color appears to be plain which happens to match the exterior of the Medical Sciences building as well. Due to the age of the sculpture, it shows lighter and darker gray dents and streaks near the top and bottom and where it bends. Some of the markings have been made from the material and texture of the sculpture. The material used, which was said previously, is cast concrete. Using concrete without any smooth surface tools creates a rougher and coarse texture which is why it has dents and holes when viewing it up close. As the viewer looks at the sculpture from afar, its
The death of one has a ripple effects in that it can emotionally kill the fallen’s loved ones. The living is left with a blurred emotion between darkness and a desperate need to recapture what was once lost. In the play A Bowl of Soup by Eric Lane, brother Robbie mourn the death of his significant other. While Eddie attempts to reconnect his brother with reality. Ultimately, Lane utilizes the two’s relationship to symbolize the unrested turmoil within the gay community.
The next theory that he disproved was the “Primordial Soup Theory”. Sir Fred Hoyle scoffed at the ridiculous atheistic notion when he said, “The notion that a living cell could be arrived at by chance in a primordial organic soup here on earth is evidently nonsense of a high order.” “There was no primeval soup, neither on this planet, nor on any other, and if the beginning of life were not random, life must therefore have been the product of purposeful intelligence” (Donyes
Philip G. Fothergill, Historical Aspects of Organic Evolution, pub. 1953 by the Philosophical Library Inc., 15 East 40th Street, New York, NY
Molecules were then washed ashore and exposed to heat and sunlight. Through a series of trial and error bases chemical reactions formed cells. The first ones were simple only with the new permeable membrane so it could absorb nutrients. After absorbing so many amino acids it was able to replicate itself. Bacteria now was growing off the undersea volcanoes vents living off of hydrogen sulfide. Some of these developed hard shells and others with soft membranes. Meanwhile tectonic plates during this time were shifting drastically and created mountain ranges which altered rain patterns and led to the falling of even more rain which created rivers. These rivers washed out new nutrients found in land out to the oceans. Minerals from land reacted with carbon dioxide which resulted in the production of oxygen. As temperatures cooled algae created glucose through photosynthesis and released gross amounts of oxygen into the ocean. The oxygen reacted with the metallic ions found in the ocean and cause oxidation which caused the sea to turn a rusty red.
The other theory is of universal flooding. The idea of a great flood has been found to be conclusive with geological findings all over the globe. A flood this large would have deposited sediment throughout the world. It has been scientifically estimate that more than seventy-five percent of the Earth is covered with sediment. Fossils have also been found in the Rockie Mountains that contain shells and fish. Many other petrified “fish beds” have been found all over the world, including Mt. Everest, suggesting that a global flood did indeed happen.
This theory was developed from the combined efforts of many different researchers. Together, Konstantin Mereschkowsky, Boris Mikhaylovich Kozo-Polyansky, Ivan Wallin, and Lynn Margulis are the main researchers whom coined the term “symbiogenesis” referring to the long term, or permanent physical association between “differently named partners” (taxa), or the genesis of new species through the merging of two or more existing species (Margulis). Endosymbiosis and symbiogenesis define hypothetical theories thought to justify the origin of species in addition to the processes of natural selection and random mutation. B.M. Kozo-Polyansky and Lynn Margulis, who very much admired Kozo-Polyansky’s work, both believed symbiogenesis was the major source of innovation for evolution (Margulis). The most well known of the first speculations about the origin of organelles, was Mereschkowsky. He primarily studied the chloroplast and was the first to suggest they were obtained initially from unicellular organisms that had been “enslaved” as endosymbionts. However, his theory was turned ...
Both of their theories have similarities but as life keeps going they start to differ from each others theories. Parts of their theories have helped find the correct information for what actually happens in human life development.
According to scientists, one of the most extraordinary bursts of evolution ever known was the Cambrian Explosion. For most of the nearly 4 billion years that life has existed on Earth, evolution produced little beyond bacteria, plankton, and multi-celled algae. Then, about between 570 and 530 million years ago, another burst of diversification occurred. This stunning period is termed the "Cambrian explosion," taking the name of the geological age in which the earlier part occurred. A recent study revealed that life evolved during the Cambrian Period at a rate about five times faster than today. But it was certainly not as rapid as an explosion; the changes seems to have taken around 30 million years, and some stages took 5 to 10 million years. The Cambrian explosion was a period of time where life evolved into numerous multifaceted organisms that developed into the vertebrates and human life as we know today.
- - -. The Rise of Life on Earth. New York: New Directions, 1991. Print.
“The greatest mystery of existence is existence itself” (Chopra). Chopra, a world-renowned author, perceives the existence of life as a truly mystifying cerebration. The pending question that many scientist, and even theists, attempt to answer is how life ultimately began. Currently, the mystery is left with two propositions, evolution and creation. While both approaches attempt to answer the origins of life, evolution and creation are two contrasting concepts. Evolution views life to be a process by which organisms diversified from earlier forms whereas creation illustrates that life was created by a supernatural being. Creation and evolution both agree on the existence of microevolution and the resemblance of apes and humans but vary in terms of interpreting the origins of the life through a historical standpoint. A concept known as Faith Vs Fact comprehensively summarizes the tone of this debate, which leads the question of how life began.
Darwin’s theory of evolution states that all life originated from one spontaneously created, self replicating, asexual, single celled, organism, which mutated over the course of millions of years to form the first vertebrate, that vertebrate mutated and changed in to every single organism alive today. This is highly implausible for several reasons.
This hypothesis emerged when scientists found organic molecules in meteorites from the universe. Some investigators wondered if the abiotic production of organic materials in the soil was absolutely basic to the origin of life. Maybe some organic materials from elsewhere in the universe had arrived in the early earth.