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Research on impacts of different cultural backgrounds on communication
Impact of cultural differences on communication
Research on impacts of different cultural backgrounds on communication
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Noise can be of external, physiological or psychological nature. External noises can include loud sounds and visual distractions that result in the misinterpretation of a message. Physiological noise includes distractions such as hunger or illness, as well as physiological disabilities or impairments in the sender or receiver of a message. Psychological noises are internal noises such personal values and ideas, rapid thought or as in my situation, language differences that limit the minds ability to interpret messages effectively. When these noises interfere with an encoded message, the receiver cannot provide accurate feedback, causing miscommunication and confusion, much like that cause by the language barrier between the two boys and I. I worked around this issue generally by keeping instructions or comments very basic, and clarifying with the boys if they understood me. However what I did not realise at the time is the power that non-verbal interactions can have on communication.
It is said that only 35% of a message’s meaning comes from verbal communication, while the remaining 65% comes from a range on non verbal sources (Birdwhistell 1970). While trying to communicate with Sam and Duha during the day of the garage sale, I could have used much more ‘Kinesic behaviour’. Dwyer (2013, pp. 36) describes kinesic behaviour as the way a person moves their body, limbs, and their facial expressions in a way that contributes to the meaning of a message. I could have utilised the powerful effects of such gestures to aid the communication between Sam and Duha and myself. For example, instead of simply stating instructions, I could have added gestures such as pointing at tables, and using hand movements to mimic an activity such as ...
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... rules and formal structure. Finally the masculinity of a culture depends on the level of clarification between male and female values and roles. A masculine society is characterised by having defined roles for each gender, where success and material possessions are highly valued. At the other end of the scale, a feminine society has a stronger focus on supporting and caring for others, and less emphasis on quantifiable belongings and roles for men and women.
Works Cited
Birdwhistell, R.L. 1970. Kinesics and Context, University of Pennsylvania press, Philadelphia
Dwyer, J 2013, ‘Communiction foudnations’, in Communicasion for business professions: Strategies and Skills, 5th ed, Pearson Australia, Frenchs Forest, pp3-28.
Haas, A. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, ISSN 0077-8923, 06/1979, Volume 327, Issue 1 Language, Sex, pp. 101 - 109
The presence of nonverbal messages in our communication is very important. Following the text, researchers have estimated it is up to “65 percent of social meaning we convey in face-to-face interactions is a result of nonverbal behavior” (131). The movie “Mrs. Doubtfire” is a typical example about the interactions among characters, also with audience. Several scenes in this movie show us the effects of nonverbal messages in communication, especially through the character Daniel, who disguises himself as a middle-aged British nanny in order to be near his children.
The clusters of social definitions used to identify persons by gender are collectively known as “femininity” and “masculinity.” Masculine characteristics are used to identify persons as males, while feminine ones are used as signifiers for femaleness. People use femininity or masculinity to claim and communicate their membership in their assigned, or chosen, sex or gender. Others recognize our sex or gender more on the basis of these characteristics than on the basis of sex characteristics, which are usually largely covered by clothing in daily life.
In this assignment, we made observations of nonverbal behaviors which are utilized in everyday life as a form of communication whether we know it or not. There are many ways that individuals’ are capable of communicating without even saying anything, such as, an individual rolling their eyes can display they’re annoyed, smiling at someone can portray that the individual is happy, and so on. Nonverbal communication uses many different aspects of life to portray meaning, such as, behaviors, attributes, symbols, or objects (Seiler, Beall, & Mazer, 2015, p. 109). When partaking in this assignment, I found that utilizing nonverbal communication was much easier than verbal, but I did feel peculiar when participating in these acts. The goal for the assignment was to find a nonverbal norm that we wanted to violate, and then we needed to violate this norm three different times. Once we had violated the norm we needed to observe and analyze the reactions we received. The norms that we had the option to violate were kinesics, oculesics, haptics, etc. I just so happen to pick kinesics, which is using movements or gestures to portray nonverbal communication.
Gender roles are based on the norms and standards in different societies (Flores 2012). Each societies has their own set of social norms, and the identities that fit those norms. In the United States masculine roles are associated with strength, dominance, and aggression. Women in the US are expected to be more passive, nurturing and subordinate (Flores 2012).
Early feminist studies of gender often depicted the expression of masculinity as solely meant to subordinate women. Upon further research and understanding of gender and its role in society, gender theorists have realized that masculinity is not only a patriarchal regulation against women, but that it also has negative effects against men. Masculinity has different characteristics in different cultures, but masculinity in general presents a hierarchy of traits, with femininity as the lowest, least desirable trait. In American culture, masculinity is defined within multiple structures, such as race, class, and sexuality, where a man’s masculinity can be lessened by his traits as well as these identities. Often, normative expressions of masculinity
What is masculinity? This question is one that has stood the test of time when it comes to how modern society functions. Highly esteemed journalist, Robert Jensen, has done extensive research and has written countless articles on the functions a man has in society. In his article The High Cost of Manliness he discusses how “masculinity must prevail for a man to be a ‘real man’.” He goes on to make points about how being masculine is destructive towards modern society, family life, and ultimately women.
In its most basic form, communicating involves a sender who takes his or her thoughts and encodes them into verbal and non-verbal messages that are sent to a receiver. The receiver than decodes the messages and attempts to understand what the sender meant to communication. The communication is completed when the receiver transmits verbal and nonverbal feed back to indicate his or her reception and understanding of the message. This process takes place within a context; also know as rhetorical situation, which includes all that affects the communication process such as the sender-receiver’s culture, the sender-receiver‘s relationship, the circumstances surrounding the sender-receiver’s interaction, and the physical environment of the interaction.
Any communication interaction involves two major components in terms of how people are perceived: verbal, or what words are spoken and nonverbal, the cues such as facial expressions, posture, verbal intonations, and other body gestures. Many people believe it is their words that convey the primary messages but it is really their nonverbal cues. The hypothesis for this research paper was: facial expressions directly impact how a person is perceived. A brief literature search confirmed this hypothesis.
The ability to communicate with one another is of paramount importance to the success of the human race (Hartley, 1999). Communication is a dynamic process with the interacting components of sending and receiving information. Nonverbal cues may provide clarity or contradiction for a message being sent (Dunn, 1998). This is not to say that nonverbal forms of communication merely provide a modem of clarity for verbal communication, they can, and do, stand alone (Krauss et al, 1995). Facial expressions, body movements, gaze and posture can all be used to provide further emphasis to language communication or can be employed silently and still convey important messages (Danziger, 1976). This paper will discuss the role nonverbal communication plays in reference to social interaction and what happens in its absence, using autism studies as examples.
It represents the distribution of emotional roles between the genders. Masculine cultures are valued as competitiveness, assertiveness, materialism, ambition and power. In contrast, femininity cultures are inclined to relationships and quality of life. Masculinity culture is more obvious in larger organization as the management is more decisive and aggressive, thus, it shows a relatively lower share of working women in professional jobs. In femininity organization, the employees work in order to live and prefer leisure time than money. The resolution of conflict in masculinity is letting the strongest win but in femininity, the employees solve conflict in a harmonious way by compromising and
Nonverbal communication surrounds us all the time. “Nonverbal communication is all aspects of communication other than words” (Wood, 2016, p. 135). It is not communication with words, but we use nonverbal communication when we talk. We use nonverbal communication without even realizing it in every facet of our lives. This type of communication can be challenging depending on someone’s culture. Something that means one thing in America, can mean something totally different in another country. It is important to know this so that you don’t offend someone from another culture (Wood, 2016, p. 149).
A gesture is a movement of part of the body, especially a hand or the head, to express the idea or the meaning of the speaker. There are many types of gestures. The first type is descriptive, the speaker use when he or she describe a size, shape, or location. For example, if the speaker is describing a small animal, he will make he will put his palms together to take a position of something small. The second type is emphatic, and that shows strong emotions about something, either happiness, sadness, or anger. (See figure 2). Third, suggestive which convey an idea about what the speaker or the audience are saying. For example, shrugging the shoulders suggest irony on what the speaker is saying. Giving thumbs up shows that the person liked what
Masculinity and femininity are two terms, which have been interpreted differently throughout history. Both the males and the females have responsibilities and duties but these duties differ based on one’s gender. Gender has played a prodigious role in the economy, politics, and the society. Everyone starts making interpretations of the strengths and weaknesses based on one’s gender. These interpretations are not always based on his or her ability but is usually based on his or her gender. Males tend to be judged as extremely strong and unfashionable in terms of appearance. Whereas, females are judged as expensive and very fashionable. Males and females both differ in their abilities and their enjoyments. Fashion, entertainment, and strength are three topics, which are used to define masculinity and femininity in the 21st century.
Nonverbal communication is a very important aspect of communication. It can complement and contradict your verbal messages, as well as help regulate conversations. Some examples of nonverbal communication include gestures, facial expressions, touch, and proxemics. Gestures can be simple, such as waving hello, throwing up a peace sign, and even flipping the bird. However, even repetitive habits such as tapping nails on a desk or bouncing your foot up and down are forms of gestures. In the research article, “Nonverbal Communication as a pain reliever: the impact of physician supportive nonverbal behavior on experimentally induced pain,” Ruben, Blanch-Hartigan, and Hall explore the effects that nonverbal communication have on patients in pain.
I learned a lot about Human Communication in this class when I read the chapter about Nonverbal Communication. Nonverbal Communication is the process of using messages that are not words to generate meaning. I learned that it happens every day. I also learned that is very hard to read or understand depending on the person you are speaking to or with. Verbal and Nonverbal codes work in conjunction with each other. The words we speak or say are used in conjunction six different ways: to repeat, to emphasize, to complement, to contradict, to substitute, and to regulate. I never knew until reading this chapter that we do these things all most every time we communicate. These are things I took for granted until now. I now know that I will pay