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What is masculinity? This question is one that has stood the test of time when it comes to how modern society functions. Highly esteemed journalist, Robert Jensen, has done extensive research and has written countless articles on the functions a man has in society. In his article The High Cost of Manliness he discusses how “masculinity must prevail for a man to be a ‘real man’.” He goes on to make points about how being masculine is destructive towards modern society, family life, and ultimately women.
However is masculinity a male only trait? It is safe to say that the answer to this question is no. The idea that Jensen presents of male “tendencies toward competition, domination, and violence” could not be more far from the truth. There are plenty of instances in which a female could hold the exact aggressive, “king of the hill” mentality that Jensen corners the male sex into. Masculinity is not just a male or female trait, it is a human trait one that is not confined by gender or age, past or present. Jensen seems to be hung up on the idea that because you are masculine you are a factor is sexism, and how men interact
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with other men. The idea of sexism is a relevant hot button issue in modern society. Jensen seems to be under the influence that just because you’re a male and have a general masculine personality that you are a factor of sexism. Jensen says that “it leads men to seek to control “their” women and define their own pleasure in that control, which leads to epidemic levels of rape and battery.” So not only has Jensen made an outlandish generalization that all masculine men are contributing to an “epidemic” of “rape and battery. This not only is untrue but also it is slanderous to a man. To be truly masculine you need to have a general care for women. A real man is honest and holds no desire to harm a woman in any way shape or form. True men know how a woman should be treated and treat her that way. Also because masculinity is not only a male trait but a human one by Jensen’s definition men should be getting sexually assaulted just as much as women. What’s to say that a masculine female doesn’t have the desire to “seek to control “their” men and define their own pleasure in that control?” The standard of Jensen’s misunderstanding of masculinity and sexism has lead him to a false conclusion of how masculinity is perceived in today’s society. In addition Jensen has strong opinions on how men view and treat other men.
Jensen’s view seems to stem from the primal dog-eat-dog mentality. Although this may be true in some rare cases in everyday life it is not. He says in the article that “men who don’t measure up are wimps, sissies, fags, girls.” While yes these words are generally thrown around they hold little to no weight to a man. These words used as jokes for the everyday male. Jensen goes on to say that “the worst insult a man can hurl at another… is the accusation that a man is like a woman.” This is undoubtedly false. Most confrontations between males begin physically, rarely to never is a fight going to break out from name calling. Generally name calling is ineffective because one men are numb to it and two a man is comfortable enough in his masculinity that words cannot phase
him. While the basis of Jensen’s article is one that needed to be addressed, he went about it all wrong. His use of brazen generalizations of both sexes male and female made him misunderstand what masculinity is. Ultimately masculinity is a good thing. It creates division between the sexes. It allows us to be different. If every man was masculine and every woman was feminine the world would be a boring place. Diversity not only divides us but it can bring us closer together and create bonds that will last forever.
Therefore, this definitely adheres to the idea of masculinity being based on dominance, self-assuredness, as well as autonomy. Deborah Tannen’s theory of difference states
In Kimmel’s essay “’Bros Before Hos’: The Guy Code” he argues that the influence of society on masculinity is equal to or greater than biological influences on masculinity. In the essay, Kimmel uses various surveys and interviews to validate his argument. He points to peers, coaches, and family members as the people most likely to influence the development of a man’s masculinity. When a man has his manliness questioned, he immediately makes the decision never to say or do whatever caused him to be called a wimp, or unmanly. Kimmel’s argument is somewhat effective because the readers get firsthand accounts from the interviewees but the author does not provide any statistics to support his argument.
Jensen proposes three ideas on why masculinity must be terminated: masculinity is harmful for both men and women, men are surrendering their humanity by conforming to masculinity, and that all characteristics should simply be human characteristics, not male or female.
The concept of masculinity is considered as the qualities and characteristics of a man, typical what is appropriate to a man. In this article, A Community Psychology of Men and Masculinity: Historical and Conceptual Review, The author Eric S. Mankowski and Kenneth I. Maton, analyze four main themes: "Men as gendered beings, the privilege and damage of being a masculine man, men as a privileged group, and men’s power and subjective powerlessness. The second and fourth themes are described as
All over the world Masculinity has many different cultural definitions. Depending where someone is from, and what they were brought up to believe, defines what the term “masculinity” entails. Different Social institutions all over the United States, such as the military, sports, clubs, and fraternities, have been constructing their interpretation of masculinity. One major social institution that is active in thousands of Universities across the United States is campus fraternities. Campus fraternities create their own sense of masculinity by generating certain requirements and characteristics a man must hold in order to represent them as a part of their fraternity.
Kimmel speaks to how boys are taught how to become “men”. The men who follow the quintessential rules of the “Guy Code” are often seen as the most successful. The basis of masculinity is to impress other men and embody older men and male role models. Kimmel was researching a book that spoke of the history of masculinity and found that, “American men want to be a ‘man among men,’ (465). The teachings of masculinity that span many generations can be seen by how men desire to see the fruit of their labor. Men who follow the code do not care for attention from women, but rather solely focus on the respect and acknowledgment from male peers. The practices that embody masculinity clearly have no intention to impress anybody other than men. The fear associated with not being manly is far more when another man is accusing one of such a heinous crime. This introduces that the “Guy Code” is harmful to men, and in turn society. Men are fearful of being attacked by other men for trespasses against the code. This fear of trespassing is often explained as being biological and natural for men. Guys do not risk their own self-value, friendships, and maybe their lives biologically. This behavior is taught and is due to generations of teaching these “hard-wired” behaviors. Kimmel states, “What these theories fail to account for is the way that masculinity is coerced and policed relentlessly by other guys... In truth, the
The problem, as I see it, is that we have not re-defined masculinity for the modern age. In the old days, masculinity was measured by (1) physical abilities, particularly strength, but also skill, (2) power/success/wealth, and (3) sexual prowess. The first can be developed through education and hard work, the second could be acquired through the application of the first, and the third, well, either you got it or you don't, but locker-room bragging can always make up for any lacks, especially if you got the first two. Boys growing up in such a society work to develop their physical abilities and learn how to apply them most efficaciously, thus becoming a "man". This makes sense when a man might be faced with the challenge of building shelter on the prairie or raising crops, but us modern urban men are unlikely to face such challenges. Of course, we are not unprepared for the challenges of a modern urban lifestyle. Our education generally provides such life-sustaining skills as linear algebra, the performing arts, and information systems management. The educational system is successful enough to allow most of us to get jobs that pay us enough to afford all the requirements of a modern urban lifestyle: housing, food, clothing, entertainment, transportation, etc. The trouble is that while education has more or less kept pace with the advance of civilization, our notions of masculinity have not.
... E Glenn, and Nancy B Sherrod. The psychology of men and masculinity:Research status and future directions. New York: John Wiley and sons, 2001.
In our society we see two forms of masculinity, hegemonic, and subordinate, this is known as the sociology of masculinity. Hegemonic is a very honored form of masculinity. This is the alpha male example, the man that protects all things, he is more superior than others both male and female, he has the chiseled chin, and the six pack you could wash your clothes on. Subordinate masculinity, on the other hand, defies the hegemonic norms society is so fond of. These males posses feminine qualities that put them below the hegemonic males on a hierarchal scale. Although what we find in our readings is hegemonic masculinity is policed by the worry that one may become subordinate if any sign of weakness is shown.
In the views of Micheal Kimmel “hegemonic masculinity” is a socially constructed process where men are pressured by social norms of masculine ideals to perform behaviors of a “true man” and its influence on young male’s growth. It is the ideology that being a man with power and expressing control over women is a dominant factor of being a biological male. The structure of masculinity was developed within the 18th to 19th century, as men who owned property and provided for his family with strength related work environments was the perfect example of being a generic “American man.” Kimmel introduces Marketplace Manhood and its relation to American men. He states, “Marketplace Masculinity describes the normative definition of American masculinity.
The concept of masculinity first emerged during the early stages of the modern industrial revolution. With the rapid progress of technology, the conditions of living became better and the traditional definition of masculinity changed. Today, in the modern workplace of America, masculinity is a factor that has to be taken into account by managers and also by employees. It plays a crucial and distinctive role in the way people will interact with each other and shapes the way relations of power and hierarchy are formed.
Standards of masculinity vary from time to time, from culture to culture. However, masculinity always defines itself as superior and different from femininity. For example, gay men and househusbands exemplify "subordinate" masculinities in our culture. They are not considered to be "real men". And yet, many still support hegemonic masculinity, for example, men being the main breadwinner for the family. Easthope (1990) states that, “masculinity tries to stay invisible by passing itself off as normal and universal” (Easthope, 1990: 1). The notion of masculinity tries to become a norm in society so then its counterpart, femininity is seen as different and deviant.
Here, masculinity is comparable to Sigmund Freud’s ID. However, the boys and men featured in the film weren’t inherently aggressive or violent, but nearly all recounted being socialized to define masculinity by toughness or stoicism, non-femininity, aggression, and violence. This disjunction can be explained using Sandra Bem’s research on gender schemas, in which she describes the role of culture in shaping our gendered learning through gender schema, or cognitive categories of gendered information, and that these, in turn, come to influence our perceptions and actions. Through interaction (primarily with other boys and men), boys begin to understand how to do gender and how it affects power relations through domination. The “do’s” of masculinity (i.e., fighting, being a “womanizer”, acquiring wealth, being a “provider”, and demonstrating absolute stoicism) demonstrate various methods of achieving dominance over women and other men to prove one’s masculinity.
Contemporary ideas of masculinity and femininity will be different to those of previous generations. Current themes may be stereotypical but to study it using binary oppositions gives it greater meaning; men are seen as masculine, dominant, strong, aggressive, intelligent, rational, and active. Whilst women are the opposed, they are feminine, submissive, weak, intuitive, emotional and communicative. As well as theses factors men and women are also seen to like different things, men like cars, technology, getting drunk and having casual sex with strangers whilst women like shopping, make-up, social drinking with friends, and having committed relationships. However, it is also clear that these lists are not truly representative of what men and women are really like. You all probably know a woman who likes cars and can be aggressive or a man who doesn’t drink and cries at weepy romantic comedies.
What is masculinity? What does it mean, exactly, to be a “real man”? To put simply, masculinity is a socially constructed notion. It specifies how a man should look and act like based on social expectations. Being conventionally masculine includes being muscular and physically strong, being brave and dominant, never expressing emotion. The typical man enjoys sports, cars, and beer. But what if a male does not embody these qualities or enjoy these things? Is he still considered a “man”? In this reflection, the many nuances of masculinity are analyzed.