The OSI model is a model of how a network actually works. The OSI model has seven different layers and is of course, theoretical. Meaning, this model may not be true in every instance, perhaps it can work without a counter part or perhaps not. The layers of the OSI are comprised of these layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application (InetDaemon, 2015). The Physical Layer is the layer that is responsible for the hardwired connection, this is in charge of the cables and device layouts (Tetz, 2011). Without this layer no devices would be able to connect to that network. This includes wireless as Wi-Fi cards belong to the physical and data link layers (Capano, 2014). The physical layer also takes the …show more content…
It also provide MAC addresses. Every MAC address is unique and it belongs to that particular device. The data link layer is responsible for the means to send out data over the physical layer (Tetz, 2011). Without the data link layer of the OSI devices would not have this unique address that identifies them, as well as not having a means to send out data of the physical layer. The Physical and Data Link layer walk hand in hand in the OSI Model and cannot work without the other. The Network Layer is responsible for finding the routes for data transmissions, as well as maintaining and establishing the connections between the devices (Capano, 2014). Without this layer there would be no means of a connection. Not a physical connection, but a data connection. The Transport Layer is the layer that is responsible for providing a network with reliable packet delivery (Tetz, 2011). This particular layer’s job is quality assurance, so to speak, as it ensures the transmission quality by determining the best route for the data to be sent. This layer does this with the help of the network layer (Capano, 2014). Without this layer packets could potentially be sent out but, will the other device receive them? Will it be slow because it does not take the shortest path or best …show more content…
Whether it is Command Prompt, Internet, other various programs, etc. Without this layer no services would be accessible. This means no GUI or Graphic User Interface (Capano,2014). In my opinion, I do not believe that no layer can be taken out of this model and the rest of it still work. All the layers work hand in hand with the others. All data comes in through the physical, goes up all the way to the application layer then back down and out through the physical layer. All of the layers are crucial players in the OSI model. The TCP/IP model is what is currently used for IPv4. This is the current standard protocol for internet addressing (Tetz, 2011). The Network interface layer is responsible for dealing with the physical aspects of connectivity in a network. This like the physical, network and data link layer of the OSI model has to do with converting data, establishing connectivity, sending out data, and it also hold the MAC address. The Application Layer in the TCP/IP model is similar to the OSI model. Two network hosts have a communication session and the application layer is the end point at either end of that
Multiplexing will gather the data from the source host and give that data some header information. This data will be created into segments by demultiplexing and then be sent to the 3rd layer (Network layer). So to summarize multiplexing will gather data and give it header information and demultiplexing will create segments and sent them to the network layer. Now with flow control that will relate with multiplexing, mainly because it can take multiple data streams and combine them into one shared stream, making that a form of data flow control. Now as far as error checking that will relate to the frames of the data. The logical link control will use a frame check sequence (FCS) to check the frame to see if there is any problems with it. If it detects an error during the frame check sequence then the frame will be discarded and the data will be passed on to the network layer. With this all being said this will mainly be used in the OSI model since the logical link control is the sub-layer for the data link layer. (The other sub layer being MAC) Without the logical link control or 802.2 then the data link layer wouldn’t function
IPv4 is the original internet addressing system. It is a protocol which was used on packet-switched networks. Delivery model is how it operates at its best without a guaranteed avoidance of duplicate in delivery or assurance of proper sequencing. Some aspects include data integrity which is mostly addressed by TCP. IPV4 uses binary notation to sort at time IP address that consist of 32 bits. It is a practice to convert the 32 bits of an IPv4 address into four 8 bit known as octets. With each octet converted to a decimal number (base 10) from (0–255) and parted by a period developed a format called dotted decimal notation. IPv4 has a category of address class types: Class A, B, C, D and E. The class A addresses are used for big networks and always start with zero bits. Each Class A address network can hold up as many as 16,777,216 hosts.
Internal schema at the internal level to describe physical storage structures and access paths, typically uses a physical data model.
IP – The Internet Protocol (IP) - is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet. Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP address that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet.
The physical security field can be broken down into two very general but separate areas: types of security and security components. The Types of Security outlines different areas or sectors where why and how security is conducted differ. Security components break down Physical Security even further, speaking to the more intricate areas of any Security type or team.
An IP address serves two principal functions; host or network interface identification & location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there.The designers of the Internet Protocol defined an IP address as a 32-bit number & this system, known as Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), is still in use today. However, because of the growth of the Internet & the predicted depletion of available addresses, a new version of IP (IPv6), using 128 bits for the address, was developed in 1995. IPv6 was standardized as RFC 2460 in 1998, & its deployment has been ongoing since the
In Local Area Network(LAN), Ethernet is a physical and data link layer technology. used to connect more than one computer systems to form LAN that comes with protocols that can control the passing information and to avoid two or more systems transmit simultaneous. Ethernet cable made up of several coaxial wire. The function of Ethernet is to deliver data between computers on the Internet.
So let's first look at what constitutes a logical design of a network. The first thing we know is that the logical design is, "The part of the design phase of the SDLC in which all functional features of the network chose for development are described independently of any computer platform." There are other ways to describe a logical network, but the one that comes to mind is how the network will be structured. Basically we are talking about all of the logical aspects of the network. According to Webopedia, "the logical topology is the way the data passes through the network from one device to the next without regard to physical interconnection of the devices."
LANs systems can be defined and connected in many different ways. This is the reason for the standardization for every one can have a common ground to start from. “The LANs described Herein are distinguished from other types of data networks in that they are optimized for a moderate size geographic area such as a single office building, warehouse, or a campus. The IEEE 802 LAN is a shared medium peer-to-peer communications network that broadcasts information for all stations to receive. As a consequence, it does not inherently provide privacy. The LAN enables stations to communicate directly using a common physical medium on a point-to-point basis without any intermediate switching node being required. There is always need for an access sublayer in order to arbitrate to access to the shared medium. The network is generally owned, used, and operated by a single organization. This is in contrast to Wide Area Networks (WANs) that interconnect communication facilities in different parts of a country or are used as a public utility. These LANs are also different from networks, such as backplane buses, that are optimized for the interconnection of devices on a desk top or components within a single piece of equipment.”(IEEE 802 Standard 1990) That is the standard definition for LANs by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer committee 802. They are the committee used to set the standard in workmanship and operations for technicians that set-up and perform maintenance on LANs systems. And through all the technical words what they are trying to say is a LAN is a small area network that distributes information among computer in a small work environment unlike WANs that distribute information across global areas.
IP telephony, unlike other Internet applications, is still dominated by concerns about interworking with older technology, here, the PSTN. Thus, we can define three classes [21] of IP telephony operation as shown in Fig. 1.1, depending on the number of IP and traditional telephone end systems.
ErrealMedia (2010) Network standards OSI Reference Model; History of OSI Model; OSI Layers in Action http://www.erealmedia.com/cms125/
The architecture of a neural network is the specific arrangement and connections of the neurons that make up the network. One of the most common neural network architectures has three layers. The first layer is called the input layer and is the only layer exposed to external signals. The input layer transmits signals to the neurons in the next layer, which is called a hidden layer. The hidden layer extracts relevant features or patterns from the received signals. Those features or patterns that are considered important are then directed to the output layer, the final layer of the network. Sophisticated neural networks may have several hidden layers, feedback loops, and time-delay elements, which are designed to make the network as efficient as possible in discriminating relevant features or patterns from the input layer.
The human factor of physical security consists of the people who own the property being protected, the people who work at the property or those that visit the property/protected area, and the security personnel guarding the property.
TCP/IP is a network model which enables the communication across the Internet. The most fundamental protocol on which the Internet is built. This is made up of the 2 common networking protocols, TCP, for Transmission Control Protocol, and IP, for Internet Protocol. TCP maintains and handles packet flow linking the systems and IP protocol has the ability to handle the routing of packets. However The TCP/IP stack consists of 5 layers first being application layer, the transport layer, then the network layer, the link layer and finally the physical layer. The assignment focuses on the three middle layers and is divided into five parts. Firstly explaining how the TCP and UDP the most vital protocols needed to deliver and communicate.
There are several advantages to the layered approach provided by the OSI model. With the design separated into smaller logical pieces, network design problems can be easier to solve through divide and conquer techniques. Vendors who follow the model will produce equipment that is much more likely to be compatible with equipment from other vendors. The OSI model also provides for more extensible network designs. New protocols and other network services are more easier added to a layered architect.