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Osi model and its functionality
Osi model and its functionality
Osi model and its functionality
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The 802 committee and the OSI model both relate to one another. The OSI model shows how the layers of the internet are able to communicate and function with each other. While the 802 committee will add onto that by showing how network protocols should function. With that being said there are numerous working groups under the 802 committee however the one that I will be writing about is the 802.2 or the logical link control (LLC). The logical link control is in the 2nd layer (data-link) of the OSI model. The purpose of this protocol is flow and error control along with multiplexing and demultiplexing. How multiplexing works is by getting multiple data streams and combining them into one shared stream. This is mainly seen in the common forms …show more content…
Multiplexing will gather the data from the source host and give that data some header information. This data will be created into segments by demultiplexing and then be sent to the 3rd layer (Network layer). So to summarize multiplexing will gather data and give it header information and demultiplexing will create segments and sent them to the network layer. Now with flow control that will relate with multiplexing, mainly because it can take multiple data streams and combine them into one shared stream, making that a form of data flow control. Now as far as error checking that will relate to the frames of the data. The logical link control will use a frame check sequence (FCS) to check the frame to see if there is any problems with it. If it detects an error during the frame check sequence then the frame will be discarded and the data will be passed on to the network layer. With this all being said this will mainly be used in the OSI model since the logical link control is the sub-layer for the data link layer. (The other sub layer being MAC) Without the logical link control or 802.2 then the data link layer wouldn’t function
The first opportunity of the organization having identified the need for a n house, fulltime float provider or Locum Tenums on call. Based upon the number of patients that were being cancelled per month on average, close to 700. The information was extracted from our data warehouse. Once the information was compared to other health care systems who were experiencing similar problems, the need was identified for a float provider/Locum Tenums (on call) to be housed at the parent facility. The float provider/ Locum Tenums will be used in several aspects that will help to continue to improve access to care. They will be available when a provider calls in so clinic will not have to be cancelled. The float provider/Locum Tenums will be able to see overflow walk in patients if he or she is not providing clinic coverage and or write prescription scheduled medication for providers who are on scheduled
In this section we investigate attacks and threats to our primary devices. These attacks and threats are built off of the vulnerabilities the previous section and help to determine which security controls would be most valuable against future attacks.
holds the record as the longest serving Representative in the history of the House of Representative. 84th – 115th his term from 1955 to 2015 were the dates of service.
I am a plate that is made of clay that was taken from the Earth of Japan. But before I was made into a plate I was up to the mountains near a big forest that had a Jinja on top a beautiful waterfall where water fell from the top to the bottom and sometimes flowing to rivers. But when winter comes the waterfall would freeze into shards and when the winter goes the shards and snow turn into water filling up the waterfall making a waterfall from the top to the bottom flowing with an immense amount of water to rivers and ponds that would sometimes connect with the waterfall. My maker crafted me to be used as art depicting many natural objects or buildings even sometimes people in the drawing. I am also used to hold a meal for a person who would eat the nourishment from top to bottom. Most of the time I would have fish from the ocean or rice that was farmed in flatlands on top of me.
2010 was the year for Jets fans they made it out of the regular season and into the playoffs, all the way into the Conference Finals. But no surprise, the Jets came up short again, losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers 24-19. After that, it all went down hill. The rankings of the Jets defense and offense decrease and with that so does their record, 8-8, 6-10, 8-8, 4-12, 10-6(glimps of hope), 5-11. With the decrease of wins most people, me included, you lose hope, and wonder when is that next year going to happen. If you want the easy answer as to why there is such a big difference between the years, just look at the Jets overall rating. It is like a roller coaster, from good one year to bad the next. But the real question is why was there this
Upon graduating from Midshipman’s School for Women, Hopper immediately received a task to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation in Harvard University. At that time, when she was around 37-38 years old, Hopper had visited Cruft Laboratory, and she was introduced to a machine that had computing capability called the Mark I. Hopper’s task was to program the Mark I, so it could produce "the coefficients for the interpolation of the arc tangents by next Thursday." Due to this short deadline, Hopper was quite horrified, so she asked some of her colleagues for assistance. Soon enough, she was able to complete this difficult task, and she was the third person to program a large-scale digital computer. In 1945, Hopper had discovered that a real moth
After compression, the structure data, audio and video must be multiplexed. A number of compressed TV signals are combined by a multiplexer and put unto a shared transition medium. This is done by one of the two possible kinds of multiplexers that result in either a transport or a program stream, which is suited for secure transmission paths since it can contain large amounts of information. In addition multiplexing can be done using various methods. Time division multiplexing allocates a distinct time interval for each channel in a set; with the help of synchronization and a fixed interval order the channels take turns using the common line.
Multiplexing, by definition, is the process where multiple channels are combined for transmission over a common transmission path. In the early 1990s, fiber could only carry one wavelength, or color, of light at a time. Lasers were used by quickly turning them on and off. By the mid 1990s wave division multiplexing could split the light into two colors. The number of colors rapidly grew and today as many as 160 colors can be carved out by using the most advanced systems, in what is now called dense wave division multiplexing (DWDM). In other words, DWDM combines multiple optical signals so that they can be amplified and transported over a single fiber. An example would be a DWDM network with a mix of SONET signals operating at OC-48 (2.5 Gbps) and OC-192 (10 Gbps) over a DWDM infrastructure can achieve capabilities of over 40Gbps. The reliability of the system is maintained throughout this process. DWDM networks are self-regulated at the bit-rate and format level. They can also accept any combination of interface rates on the same fiber at the same time. This greatly increases the flexibility of the system. The communication industry can become fully integrated, using multiple vendor interfaces with distinct technologies into one physical infrastructure. The fiber itself would remain transparent to the protocol or type of information. If a carrier operates both ATM and SONET networks, it is not required that the ATM signal be multiplexed up to the SONET rate.
The Physical Layer is the lowest layer of the Open Source Interconnect Model (OSI). It is the layer that deals with all the measurable, physical entities associated with the network. At this layer it is specified how much bandwidth (Baseband or Broadband) will be used in the transmission of data on the network. This layer also includes the physical topology (physical lay out) of the network such as: Bus, Star, Ring or Mesh. The Physical Layer includes these devices: Network Interface Cards (NICs), Transceivers, Hubs, Multistation Access Units (MAUs), Repeaters and Cables. It is at this layer that frames received from the Data Link layer are converted to bits for transmission over the network media to the receiving machines Physical Layer.
A parallel link transmits several streams of data (representing particular bits of a stream of bytes) along multiple channels (wires, printed circuit tracks, optical fibres, etc.).
Explain how the two important transport protocols deliver messages on behalf of the application and discuss the differences between them
There are several advantages to the layered approach provided by the OSI model. With the design separated into smaller logical pieces, network design problems can be easier to solve through divide and conquer techniques. Vendors who follow the model will produce equipment that is much more likely to be compatible with equipment from other vendors. The OSI model also provides for more extensible network designs. New protocols and other network services are more easier added to a layered architect.
LANs systems can be defined and connected in many different ways. This is the reason for the standardization for every one can have a common ground to start from. “The LANs described Herein are distinguished from other types of data networks in that they are optimized for a moderate size geographic area such as a single office building, warehouse, or a campus. The IEEE 802 LAN is a shared medium peer-to-peer communications network that broadcasts information for all stations to receive. As a consequence, it does not inherently provide privacy. The LAN enables stations to communicate directly using a common physical medium on a point-to-point basis without any intermediate switching node being required. There is always need for an access sublayer in order to arbitrate to access to the shared medium. The network is generally owned, used, and operated by a single organization. This is in contrast to Wide Area Networks (WANs) that interconnect communication facilities in different parts of a country or are used as a public utility. These LANs are also different from networks, such as backplane buses, that are optimized for the interconnection of devices on a desk top or components within a single piece of equipment.”(IEEE 802 Standard 1990) That is the standard definition for LANs by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer committee 802. They are the committee used to set the standard in workmanship and operations for technicians that set-up and perform maintenance on LANs systems. And through all the technical words what they are trying to say is a LAN is a small area network that distributes information among computer in a small work environment unlike WANs that distribute information across global areas.
When electronic devices transfer information to another electronic device, the devices need to know when data flow is beginning and ending. This is done with signals for synchronization.i
Time division Multiplexing based on the three sub section: sampling, timing and combining. The function of sampling takes sample of the incoming bit. Timing function ensures that the samples are available at the correct time slots on the multiplexed channel. The combining (multiplexing) of all the sampled baseband data streams to generate the higher bit rate multiplexed data stream.