The Palimpsest: Freedom's Dual Nature

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From the very beginning of The Handmaid’s Tale, Margaret Atwood constructs the world of Gilead around a central metaphor: the palimpsest. By enforcing rigid controls, Gilead has wiped away almost all forms of female freedom—reproductive rights, independence, and the choice of when and how to die—with considerable success. However, like the faint outlines of older texts on a palimpsest, hints of all these constructs and desires linger on. Atwood uses the extended metaphor of a palimpsest to illustrate freedom’s dual nature: while it can be easily eroded by fear and exploitation, it cannot be truly eradicated from the human spirit or society. Atwood sets up the extended metaphor of palimpsest in the book’s first pages, laying the foundation for her exploration of freedom and love’s true nature. Gilead denies Handmaids make-up and lotion and forces them to wear restrictive uniforms and veils. It bans contraception and turns sex into the soulless act of “fucking” that “has nothing to do with passion or love or romance” and “is serious business” based only on reproduction with the banal, emotionless Ceremony (94). It reduces marriage to a state function, removing all choice, even from the “privileged” Wives, and subjugates women who have “sinned” in the past by turning them into vessels given to high-ranking Commanders as slaves to bear children. In the book’s first scene, the narrator describes the gymnasium where she is held, saying “I thought I could smell, faintly, like an afterimage, the pungent scent of sweat…the [dance] music lingered on, a palimpsest of unheard sound” (3). Even in the re-education center for captured women, Gilead cannot completely erase the undertones of sex, passion, and music, the very things it set out to... ... middle of paper ... ...ing beneath Gilead’s artificial surface. In The Handmaid’s Tale, Margaret Atwood warns the reader that freedoms enjoyed by today’s society have enemies, and that they can easily be, have, and are being taken away. The original writing on the palimpsest can easily be scraped away, but live on underneath the surface, undermining the new message. Again and again, Atwood reveals that freedom and the desire for freedom—over sexuality, autonomy, and life and death—cannot be erased. Human beings, in Atwood’s conception, thrive on freedom of love, intimacy, and death, and no amount of social control or authoritarian rule can totally undermine human attempts to live fully. All Gilead’s authoritarian controls fall in one way or another by the end of the novel. Gilead sets out to fulfill impossible goals by stamping out whole swathes of human nature, and, inevitably, fails.

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