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Case study on the coconut industry
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The origin of the coconut is unknown; however, many historic records show varying accounts of the origin of the coconut. Cumo (2013) wrote in his books of ‘Encyclopedia of cultivated plants: from Acucia to Zinnie’ about the origin of coconut. He stated that in the 19th century, scientists proposed the coconut is an origin in central or South America where fossil evidence proves coconuts grow in prehistoric times. Other than that, various authorities have proposed Melanesia and India where Melanesia is one of the candidates because it is supported by a scientist documented that large population of insects that feed on coconut implying that it has long been part of the flora of the islands (Cumo, 2013). Meanwhile, a coconut-like fossil dating …show more content…
One authority favours Indo-Malayan region (Chan and Elevitch, 2006; Bakhru, 2008). By the considerable morphological variability and many uses made of the plant, the coconut probable origin is in the Southeast Asia or West Pacific region (Persley, 1992; GOI, 2008). Besides, other scientists also documented accounts debate on the exact of the origin but one thing they agreed upon by coconut history experts is these fruits across the world either through human intervention or by nature (Gun, …show more content…
The major variety grown is Malaysian Tall (MT) about 99.2% followed by the hybrid MATAG is 4.3%, MAWA is 1.7%, aromatic/pandan is 1.7% and the Malayan Dwarfs is 0.2% (Sivapragrasm, 2008). According to DOA (2014), MATAG Hybrid and Pandan varieties were the most recommended variety due to its potential yield and early maturity period. MATAG variety at age seven years is able to produce up to 25, 000 – 30, 000 nuts per years per hectare and average numbers count MATAG nuts about 10-22 per bunch. Meanwhile, the aromatic dwarf or Pandan varieties at age thirteen years, it can produce 130 – 175 young coconut nuts per tree with the amount of production can reach up to 36, 000 – 49, 000 nuts per year (Hakim,
While it is still unsure when and how banana cultivators reached the Americas, it is sure that they have been present in the region for about 400 years. Banana trade formed itself around a single species of banana called Gros Michel. The banana is a narrow genetic base that shapes its future export production in tedious ways. For example, Argo-ecosystems were a result of small and large-scale production of Gros Michel bananas. Which are “places created and transformed by fluid processes that are subject to change over time and space” (Soluri 5). Natural habitats were replaced and spaces were created that invited the pathogens with Gros Michel’s monocultures, which caused problems for
The Canela People are native to Brazil, populating the zone in-between the Amazon basin and the Northeast (“Brazil’s Canela Indian Festivals” 1). Their diet has evolved greatly over time as they came into contact with the outside world. Historically, they were more of a food foraging people than horticulturalists, meaning they mostly scavenged wild plants, roots, nuts and eggs, fished, and practiced limited hunting of tapir, deer, emu, boar, paca, cutia, and fox. Up until the 19th century, the Canela relied only 20% on horticulture (“Canela” 1). In their limited practice the Canela grew manioc, maize beans, squash, peanuts and sweet potatoes (“Canela” 1). The Canela’s hunting and food foraging ways shifted around 1814 when they first made contact with the Europeans. The Canela and Europeans conflicted over several issues. Primarily, the two groups clashed over cattle. The European’s cattle lured the Canela; they often raided plantations and killed cattle in large numbers. The Canela were eventually resettled onto merely five percent of their previous land and thus forced to change their subsistence patterns (Crocker "Journal of the Society" 33). With less land, they did not have the same access to recourses for foraging. Instead, they adopted the slash- and-burn Brazilian farming techniques. Additionally, the Europeans influenced the Canela’s subsistence by teaching them to cultivate watermelons, sugar cane, rice and bananas; with the capability to grow more crops, the Canela shifted away from food foraging and towards horticulture. The Canela have since been relocated several times to different reservations.
Middleton, Karen. "Who killed 'Malagasy Cactus'? Science, environment and colonialism in southern Madagascar (1924-1930)." Journal of Southern African Studies; Oxford. June 1999: 215-248.
Rukayah Aman. 1998. Rare and wild fruit of Peninsular Malaysia and their potential uses.InM.N.B. Nair, Mohd Harmami Sahri & Zaidon Ashaari, ed. Sustainable management of non-wood forest products. 14-17 October 1997. Serdang Putra Malaysia Press. Retrevied from http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/AB598E/AB598E18htm#3743
Nomads of the Rainforest is a film which focuses on a tribe in Ecuador called the Waorani. The purpose of this documentary is to discover how this culture has maintained their cultural identity amidst Western culture and remained an enigma. The Waorani were known as savages and likely to attack any outside influence indiscriminately. These people were a mystery due to the fact that their savagery was brushed against the landscape of an egalitarian society in which all people were equal and must contribute to their society. The message of the film is to describe the Waorani lifestyle and how the rainforest is critical to their maintaining their nomadic lifestyle that has been a part of their culture for centuries.
This source was one of the most useful for the research of the collateral. It is a PDF file of the Columbian Exchange and all the background information of the trade, as well as an extensive list of foods are provided. Cacao beans, while not a staple crop, was very influential in the trade network. This journal was useful in providing details on the importance of cacao, and its significance over time.
Salsa became America’s top-selling condiment 25 years ago (“9 Spicy Things You Didn't Know About Salsa”). Salsa has been made the same way since the beginning, but there have been a few alterations. Making Salsa is an easy process that anyone can learn. I have been making Salsa with my father since I was a little girl.
(Minifie B.w, 1989) The cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao) is a surprising tree, which is growed in certain constrained ranges and atmosphere conditions; it is a local of thick tropical timberlands of the Amazon where it develops in semi shade, and high modesty and it is accepted to have spread regularly westwards, and northwards to Guyana and Mexico then later headed to the Caribbean islands. (Morganelli A, 2006) the cocoa tree first develop in rainforests of south and focal America, Its first cultivator s from harvests to trees where the aged Mesoamerican and most cocoa trees are developed in spots close to the equator where the climate is constantly hot and wet. (Backett S.t, 2008) To be called ''...
Coconut oil has been a part of society for centuries and will continue to flourish in the African American community. Coconut oil is known for penetrating the hair shafts, preventing the hair from shrinkage/swelling, and most importantly preventing the hair from becoming damaged. Today, there has been an outbreak of African American women accepting their natural roots and ending the cycle of getting a relaxer every other month. Coconut oil has found itself in many different hair companies because of its great qualities; As I Am, Dark and Lovely, Shea Moisture, and even Suave. Coconut oil has become a prominent symbol in the black community to embrace their natural hair, create small businesses, and feel great by going against societies beauty standards.
Cosmetics, soap, chocolate, and frozen meals. These general products all have something in common; they include palm oil, a resource found in oil palm trees located primarily in Indonesia and Malaysia. Palm oil is a valuable resource that is contained in many everyday products. However, the mass consumption of this ingredient caused wide deforestation in wildlife’s natural habitat and is leading to the endangerment of several animal species. Sustainable palm oil is grown and harvested by companies on private land to avoid deforestation and harm to wildlife, so people should consider purchasing products that include sustainable palm oil rather than palm oil taken from natural forests.
on tropical agricultural products, such as coffee and bananas and its climate and resources are
Kuddus , Mohammed, Ibrahim A. M. Ginawi, and Awdah Al-Hazimi. “Cannabis sativa: An Ancient Wild Edible Plant of India.” Emirates Journal of Food & Agriculture 25.10 (2013) : 736-745. Print.
Palm oil is considered an essential ingredient for the production of foods and other products in which human use. Orangutan Project (2015) states that ‘palm oil is derived from the fruit of the oil palm tree’, and the ‘palm oil plantations are the main driver for deforestation in Indonesia’. The harvest of the palm trees for the production of palm oil affects the ecosystem as it can affect the environment. This investigation with highlight out the advantages of the palm fruit providing nutrients, it is essential for the productions of products, and this production being that palm oil can reduce poverty. The negatives of how the production of palm oil negatively affects the environment, the habitat of the animals, and social consequences
Aroid, or taro, is the common name for the highly divers members of the Araceae family of plants which consists of over 100 genera and around 3750 species. Several of its family members, such as Anthurium, Caladium, Dieffenbachia and Philodendron, are among the world’s most popular ornamental plants. Plants of the Araceae family belong or are related to the arum family, and although widely known as aroids, if aroids are referred to as food, these are commonly referred to as taro, although taro is a generic Austronesian term for Colocasia, Alocasia and Cyrtosperma taro that is believed to originate in Asia (Kiple et al. 2000; Ramanatha et. al. 2010). According to archaeologists and ethnobotanists ‘Asian’ taro is the world’s oldest known cultivated crop, its domestication and cultivation already occurred when rice and wheat were just weeds (Matthews 1995; Bown 2000; Ivanicic & Lebot 2003; Ramanatha et al. 2010). Together with Colocasia, genera of Xanthosoma taro (L. Xanthosoma spp.) are the most widely grown and consumed aroids. Xanthosoma taro is the only indigenous American aroid that is widely used for food and considered a most important food crop.
Establishing an adequate supply of food is historically one of the fundamental challenges facing mankind. The modern food infrastructure employed by contemporary society is rooted in the creation and innovation of food production. Its effective utilization decreases the level of societal labor contribution required and discourages food shortage trepidation amongst individuals. It is hard to fathom given the current status of our society massive agricultural-industrial complex that the hunter-gatherer organization of society dominated for more than 99 percent of our existence (Fagan 2007: 126). The hunter-gatherer population was characterized by their primary subsistence method, which involved the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild. The primary methods employed were foraging and hunting, which were conducted without any significant recourse to the domestication of either food source (Fagan 2007: 129). Food production is presumed to have emerged approximately 12,000 years ago as a system of “deliberate cultivation of cereal grasses, edible root plants, and animal domestication” (Fagan 2007: 126). The pronounced change from hunting and gathering to agriculture and domestication can be simplistically designated the Agricultural or Neolithic Revolution (Pringle 1998). The catalytic developments of the Neolithic Revolution mark a major turning point in the history of humankind. The resulting animal and plant domestication established the foundation on which modern civilization was built.