The OSI Model and The Pony Express
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is essential to the world of computer networking. The model was created in 1977 by the International Standards Committee, in response to a difficulty that was facing computer networkers at the time (Shelly, Cashman, and Serwatka 142). In order to understand the difficulty, one must first realize that computer networks consist of computer hardware, the software that is to be used in conjunction with this hardware, and the medium (such as wiring or cabling) that will interconnect the computing devices that are in the network. The computer networker’s job is to determine which hardware, software, and medium types will create the network that will best suit his client’s needs. Then, the networker must combine these elements into a functional system of interconnected computers (Fortino and Villeneuve 112). It was in attempting this latter task that the computer networker of the late 1970s often found himself in a pickle. The problem was that each vendor of computing equipment had developed his own unique set of products; products that were incompatible with the products of other vendors. This incompatibility made it very difficult for a computer networker to combine the various network components into an operational computer network (Stamper 27).
The OSI model provided for a solution to this problem. The model organized those tasks that are essential for computer network operation, into seven groups. These groups were called layers. All manufacturers of computing equipment were recommended to make their products compliant with the OSI model. This meant that each computing product was to perform the functions associated with a specific layer within the model; any method of accomplishing these functions was acceptable. In a network composed of equipment that operated according to OSI guidelines, a separate product would be used to perform each layer of OSI functionality. Thus, all elements of the network would be aware of the specific jobs performed by every other network element; this would allow for compatibility between networking products that were created by different vendors. By designing networks according to OSI guidelines, the networker was able to combine any group of products, made by any number of vendors, into a functioning computer network (Stamper 28).
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...he secret of its success in the field of computer networking, and this is also the key to its use in other areas of communication as well.
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wireless communication got a lot of attention when a message was transmitted that allowed for
The founders of the pony express are William H. Russell, William B. Waddell, and Alexander Majors. It traveled from St.Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California. The route along the Pony Express began at the Platte River, next Fort Bridger, then to the Great Salt Lakes, and finally to Sierra Nevada. The route was a total of one hundred-ninety four miles.- They switched horses every ten- fifteen miles.With one hundred- ninety stations the Pony Express covered the rough terrain fastly.
Lyme disease is a disease cause by the bacteria known as Borrelia burgdorferi. Animals that live in grassy areas or wood like areas, such as forest, is the common place to find this bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi. Borrelia burgdorferi is commonly found on small animals like mice up to animals as big as deer. How this bacterium is transmitted to humans is through a bite by a tick. The specific ticks that are exposed to this disease and transmit it to humans by a single bite are known as Ixodes ticks (blacklegged ticks or deer ticks). These Ixodes ticks are small in size and do not get any bigger than sesame seed. The bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi was recognized around the 1970’s in Lyme, Connecticut. This is the reason for the bacteria’s name. The outbreak was during the summer till early fall. B.burgdorferi was discovered again in 1982 by some laboratory work done by Willy Burgdorfer. This disease has increased over the years dramatically, and has become a public health problem in areas around the Northeast, Northwest, and Northern Midwest states.
Dickens, Charles. "A Christmas Carol." Blackboard Content. ENGL 205: Literature of the Western World. Regent University. November 14, 2013
A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens is a classic novella that many throughout the world enjoy. It is widely known throughout the world, even the youngest of children know of its basic elements and its lasting message. Although the novella seems to coincide with current views of Christmas, it was not always the same. During Dickens’ early life, Christmas was more about partying and not about giving or helping others, especially the poor. At the time, many of the poor and working class, including children, were forced to work an obscene amount of hours with very little breaks and almost no holidays. A Christmas Carol made the world acknowledge the social injustices that were rampant during the 1800s and tried to be an advocate of change for
Sugar was once king and reigned for a while. The sugar beet challenged the throne and the kingdom of the cane sugar- and succeeded. Today, the sugar beet is still the main source of sugar in Britain and some parts of the United States.
Back in the 1980's, when all music sucked and men dressed like fags, a bunch of sissy Europeans got together in a passionate effort to overstandardize computer networking. They created this thing called the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking suite. Anyone who has taken a CS (Computer Science) or CIS (Computer Information Systems) course knows this; they cram this fact down the student's throat from day freaking one. It is only when the student enters the real world do they realise that the OSI seven layer model is a sham.
A Christmas Carol caused the reader to be aware of how poverty had a stranglehold on a majority of people in London. His use and type of language he uses helps create similes and metaphors in order to establish clear and vivid images of how characters that were used, portrayed his message. Dickens helps give the reader a partial image of the rich and poor social classes of London in 1843. He is known profoundly for how his literary work intertwined with actual events that took place in his own past. Charles Dickens uses themes that prove to have powerful reference points that have highlighted his own life, particularly Dickens youth and adolescence Having the experiences of becoming a warehouse worker at age 12, the humiliating shadow of prison and debt, questions regarding his social class and monetary value, coupled with the typical issues of law and reform preoccupied Dickens during his early life. These feelings followed him into his adult life as well, and are present in various forms in all of his writings. In most of his fictional works, Dickens’ compassion for people who are less fortunate and his desire to find the meaning behind an individual’s worth in the eyes of society, wealth, class, power, and
A Christmas Carol is an amazing book because it teaches you many life lessons. It teaches you to be grateful for what you have, the consequences of not being selfish, but most importantly it teaches you transformation and that it’s never too late to change. Although this book is a good, the author’s vivid imagination makes the book more difficult to read. I will also show how Dickens addresses the social injustice of the poor laws in the Victorian Era.
An audience member's gleeful first-hand account of Charles Dickens's public reading of "A Christmas Carol" unwittingly exposes an often overlooked contradiction in the story's climax: "Finally, there is Scrooge, no longer a miser, but a human being, screaming at the 'conversational' boy in Sunday clothes, to buy him the prize turkey 'that never could have stood upon his legs, that bird'" (96). Perhaps he is no longer a miser but, by this description, Scrooge still plays the role of a capitalist oppressor, commanding underlings to fetch him luxuries. While Dickens undoubtedly lauds Scrooge's epiphany and ensuing change, "A Christmas Carol" also hints at the author's resentment for an industrial society's corrupted notion of the "Christmas spirit."
In order to extract sugar from a sugar cane, the natural sugar within the cane stalk is extracted from rest of the sugar cane, and the process begins by grinding the sugar cane and boiling it in water which will then lead to the sugar extraction process. The sugar containing juice is boiled until it thickens into syrup and which the sugar crystallizes, the crystals revolve in a centrifuge where an amount of molasses is removed to make raw sugar. Finally, it is taken to a refinery, at the refinery the sugar is mixed with water and the last remaining molasses are removed.
Local Area Networks also called LANs have been a major player in industrialization of computers. In the past 20 or so years the worlds industry has be invaded with new computer technology. It has made such an impact on the way we do business that it has become essential with an ever-growing need for improvement. LANs give an employer the ability to share information between computers with a simple relatively inexpensive system of network cards and software. It also lets the user or users share hardware such as Printers and scanners. The speed of access between the computers is lighting fast because the data has a short distance to cover. In most cases a LAN only occupies one or a group of buildings located next to each other. For larger area need there are several other types of networks such as the Internet.
Curtis G. & D. Cobham (2002: 4th edition) Business Information Systems: Analysis, Design and Practice. Essex: Pearson Education Limited
Business to Business Application is the relationship between to businesses or companies. It is used to perform financial and commercial transactions over...
During my under-graduation, I was introduced to various subjects like Computer Organization, Computer Networks, and Operating Systems and programming languages like C,C++,JAVA. I am acquainted with operating systems like MS-DOS, WINDOWS. I developed interest in the field of networking from the time I started to learn about LAN and I...