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Emerging disease lymes disease
Emerging disease lymes disease
Epidemiological analysis of lyme disease
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Lyme disease is a disease cause by the bacteria known as Borrelia burgdorferi. Animals that live in grassy areas or wood like areas, such as forest, is the common place to find this bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi. Borrelia burgdorferi is commonly found on small animals like mice up to animals as big as deer. How this bacterium is transmitted to humans is through a bite by a tick. The specific ticks that are exposed to this disease and transmit it to humans by a single bite are known as Ixodes ticks (blacklegged ticks or deer ticks). These Ixodes ticks are small in size and do not get any bigger than sesame seed. The bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi was recognized around the 1970’s in Lyme, Connecticut. This is the reason for the bacteria’s name. The outbreak was during the summer till early fall. B.burgdorferi was discovered again in 1982 by some laboratory work done by Willy Burgdorfer. This disease has increased over the years dramatically, and has become a public health problem in areas around the Northeast, Northwest, and Northern Midwest states.
There are a good amount of symptoms...
Bordetella pertussis is a highly communicable agent and is transmitted person-to-person via airborne droplets or direct contact with discharges from the respiratory mucous membranes of an infected person. This small, gram-negative coccobacillus is non-motile, aerobic and fastidious. B. pertussis colonizes the respiratory tract including the mouth, nose, throat and beginning of the lungs of young children worldwide. The bacteria bind to ciliated cells in the respiratory mucosa by producing adhesions. Filamentous hemagglutinin on the cell surface and pertussis toxin (Ptx) both help the bacteria in binding. Filamentous hemagglutinin binds to the galactose residues on the glycolipid of the ciliated cells. Ptx, in its cell-bound form, binds to the glycolipid lactosylceramide, which is also found on the ciliated cells. Ptx binds to the surface of phagocytes as well, causing phagocytosis of the bacteria. This mechanism may lead to enhanced survival as an intracellular parasite. Adding to its many purposes, Ptx deregulates the host cell adenylate cyclase activity. The A subunit of this AB toxin, affects the G protein responsible for inhibiting adenylate cyclase. This leads to an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) creating detrimental metabolic changes in the host cells.
The Bubonic Plague DBQ Sweeping through Western Europe during the fourteenth century, the Bubonic Plague wiped out nearly one third of the population and did not regard: status, age or even gender. All of this occurred as a result of a single fleabite. Bubonic Plague also known as Black Death started in Asia and traveled to Europe by ships. The Plague was thought to be spread by the dominating empire during this time, the Mongolian Empire, along the Silk Road. The Bubonic Plague was an infectious disease spread by fleas living on rats, which can be easily, be attached to traveler to be later spread to a city
One of the largest epidemic events in history, the Bubonic Plague had a devastating effect on European society. It is believed to have begun in China, and it reached European soil in 1347, when it struck Constantinople (Document 1). It was carried by infected fleas that spread the disease between humans and rats. A symptom of the plague was the development of large, dark swellings called “buboes” on the victim’s lymph nodes. By the time the plague left, Europe’s population had been reduced by almost half. The devastation as a result of the plague may seem shocking, but there were several important factors that contributed to its deadliness.
On an endless road of meadows and half collapsed barns exists a quaint town living its motto “The City of Progress”. Enterprise, Alabama is stuck between miles of bleak pastures and feeding cows, but the peanut factory overwhelms your every breath. The monotonous drive does have a reward, and it can only be found hiding in a valley of small stores and baptist churches on downtown’s main street. It is a statue that reminisces this town’s story of triumph over its struggling economy during the decline of cotton. Sculpted from stone, a woman is presenting a boll weevil in honor for its efforts in destroying the crop, cotton, Enterprise, Alabama’s main economic source.
The Black Death, also known as the Black Plague and Bubonic Plague, was a catastrophic plague that started out in Asia and began to spread into Europe. In the span of three years, the Black Death killed about one third of all the people in Europe. The plague started out in the Gobi Dessert in Mongolia during the 1320’s. From the desert the plague began to spread outwards in all directions. China was among the first to suffer from the plague in the early 1330s before the plague hit Europe.
Longhorns carried the ticks but were immune to the fever. A few farmers were so
Lyme borreliosis is caused from the bacterial spirochete B. burgdorferi (“A History of Lyme”). It is a zoonotic disease carried by vectors and transmitted biologically (Tortora, Funke, and Case, 410). Lyme borreliosis has diverse symptoms, from a rash to neurological problems (Tortora, Funke, and Case, 651). The recommended treatment is antibiotics, but even with treatment some people still experience post treatment lyme disease syndrome (CDC). It is an Emerging Infectious Disease and is endemic in areas of the United States (CDC).
Even though the bubonic plague can not be transmitted among humans, it was the most common of the three plagues. The bubonic plague occurs when fleas feed on the blood of infected rodents, which are usually rats (Poland 1). The bacterium that causes the infection is known as Yersenia Pestis. The fleas then pass the bacteria when they bite a human or when materials infected with Yersenia pestis directly enters the body through a wound. The names of this plague come from the swellings, also known as buboes, that appeared on a victim’s neck, armpits, or groin (Gottfried,1).The lymph nodes suddenly become painful and swollen with pus especially in the groin. Later, the skin splits and oozes pus and blood. Blood also comes out of the victim’s urine which, like the rest of the symptoms, smells horribly. These swellings (also known as tumors) could be as small as an egg or as big as an apple. Even though some people survived this disease, others would have a life expectancy of a week.
Lyme disease is one of the seven most common diseases reported in the United States to the CDC annually (www.cdc.gov). The rates have gone from 10,000 cases in 1992 to over 30,000 cases in 2009. 95% of these cases were found in the northeast and Midwest regions of the United States (Committee on Lyme Disease, 2011) . More cases happen in this area of the country due to the close proximity of deer to population. The bite itself isn’t the problem, rather the pathogen being spread in mammals from the bite. Lyme disease occurs when a tick penetrates the skin of mammals and the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi enters. Borrelia burgdorferi is carried by ticks named the Ixodes dammini, which is the main vector for Lyme disease. These may also be known as I. scapularis, and may be found on deer (Schilling-McCann, 2010). ¬¬¬In addition to Lyme Disease, ticks may also carry Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever or Tularemia (Smeltzer et al, 2010).
In the mid-14th century the known world was taken unaware as terrible pandemic spread through the population. The Black Plague was a horrific sickness that killed up to 45% of people as it travelled across trade routes through Europe, Asia, and the Middle-East. Fleas from rats infected humans and they in turn infected others, leading to dreadful symptoms and, for most, death. As the world was ravaged by the invisible killer, the two major religions of the time had very unique responses that are still remembered in history. The Bubonic Plague impacted both Muslims and Christian communities in the 1300s, their responses were similar in religious implications and theorized causes of the ailment, yet unlike in aspects such as social change.
A disease is transmitted in one way or the other. Lyme disease is transmitted through a vector. The vector of the disease is an infected deer tick. The deer tick has to bite a person to spread the disease. When a deer tick bites a person (sucks blood), the Borrelia burgdoferi bacteria is transmitted into the persons body.
The appearance of the Bubonic Plague in Europe in the 14th century was the cause of a disastrous period of change in European culture and lifestyle. The Bubonic Plague ravaged Europe, killing over 60 percent of the population and is the cause of a series of political, economic and social upheavals. The effects of the plague on the decimated populations in Europe was the cause of a mass questioning of the effectiveness of political and religious authority leaders, a dramatic shift in the wealth of the lower class, and increased persecution and discrimination of Jews and other outlying groups in society.
Ostfeld, R. S. 2011. Lyme disease: The ecology of a complex system. Oxford University Press
Bursitis Does it hurt to move your arm? Is it tender and radiating pain to your neck and finger tips? Do you have a fever? If you answered yes to two or more of these questions, then you may have a typical joint injury called bursitis. Bursitis is an inflammation of the bursa that is easily prevented, detected, and treated.
Lyme disease is the most common systematic, bacterial, tick-borne disease with symptoms that include severe headache, rash, arthritis, fever,joint aches, and cardiac abnormalities. The journal article, “Lyme Disease In Outdoor Workers: Risk Factors, Preventive Measures, And Tick Removal Methods” has written by Brian S. Schwartz and Michael D. Goldstein. The article depicts a statewide cross-sectional case study of risk factors of seropositivity...