The infant mortality rate of a country is said to be a “reflection of a society’s commitment to ensuring access to health care, adequate nutrition… and sufficient income to prevent the adverse consequences of poverty”(1). As defined by the World Data Bank, a country’s infant mortality rate is measured by the number if infants, per every 1000 live births, do not survive to be older than one year of age (3). The female unemployment rate refers to the percentage of the female labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment (2). Previous research conducted by the Canadian Public Health Association has shown that unemployment can result in “direct material deprivation”, that could lead to an infant’s survival being compromised (4). A greater understanding of this relationship could give rise to national and international efforts to support unemployed mothers. It is reasonable to consider that there is a relationship between a country’s level of female unemployment and it’s infant mortality rate. Thesis Considering the importance access to proper medical care, sufficient nutrients and other resources have on the survival of young infants, there will be a weak correlation between a country’s female unemployment and infant mortality rate. It has previously been proven that unemployment can result in “direct material deprivation.” By having a lack of financial resources, a woman may not be able to obtain the basic necessities for their child’s survival. In contrast, a woman who is employed and receiving a sufficient income will be able to provide such materials (4). This will be displayed in the data showing an increase in infant mortality as the female unemployment rate increases. One and two variable statistic... ... middle of paper ... ...roximately 79% are located in Africa. The high infant mortality rate in these countries can be seen as a result of the high levels of war and political conflict, human trafficking and slavery, inadequate living conditions, and restricted access to basic necessities such as clean water and food (12). In contrast, the top 25% for this variable consisted of 79% European countries, 13% Asian countries and 8% North American and Caribbean countries. When analyzing the top and bottom 25% of countries for average female unemployment rate, a variety of developed and developing countries from every continent were represented. Within the top 25%, there are developing countries such as Sierra Leone and The Gambia, where a very high percentage of women are employed in the agricultural and informal sectors, however they work very long hours and receive little to no income (9,13).
O'Connor, P. (2008, October 18). US infant mortality rate now worse than 28 other countries. Retrieved June 9, 2010, from World Socialist Web Site: http://www.wsws.org/articles/2008/oct2008/mort-o18.shtml
Infant mortality is considered a worldwide indicator of a nation’s health status. The United States still ranks 24th in infant mortality compared with other industrialized nations, even though infant mortality has declined steadily over the past several decades. Compared with the national average in 1996 of 7.2 deaths per 1,000 live births, the largest disparity is among blacks with a death rate of 14.2 per 1,000 in 1996 which is almost 2½ times that of white infants (6 deaths per 1,000 in 1996). American Indians as a whole have an infant death rate of 9 deaths per 1,000 in 1995, but some Indian communities have an infant mortality rate almost twice that of the national rate. The same applies to the Hispanic community, whose rate of 7.6 deaths per 1,000 births in 1995 doesn’t reflect the Puerto Rican community, whose rate was 8.9 deaths per 1,000 births in 1995.
To examine the socioeconomic status of my study mother, Susan and assess whether she exhibits similar characteristics to other mothers in the same social class at a local, regional and national level. The effect of socioeconomic status on different aspects of pregnancy and childcare will be discussed.
such as birth control, education and access to hospitals and maternity care are scarce in
(Genovese 457-8) When fertility rates drop in developing countries, such as Peru, it is usually an indication that there is an increase in women's liberation. Women are no longer facing as much social pressure to have lots of children and stay home to raise them. By having fewer children, women are exposed to more opportunities for employment. The role of women as housewives and domestic servants is rapidly changing. Women in Peru have begun to experience liberation and equality, mostly due to the spread of globalization.
...l not be able to have children which they can financially support. Finally healthcare is a large problem, people get sick and due to the economic crisis the government can no longer provide free healthcare, leaving those who are uninsured to die. Along with this ,the birth of stillborns increased to 4/1000 which attributes to the unemployment and mental sanity of women without access to healthcare. These are all major contributors to the rate of natural decrease which is 0.16% in 2008 making it one of the fastest declining country’s in the world. Due to the impoverished economy which results in the high unemployment rate, the low fertility rate, poor healthcare and high percent of natural decrease. It appears as though one of the worlds greatest civilizations, which produced the people we are most indebted to is headed for rapid population decline in years to come.
Herein I briefly overview the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) within the United States. Initially, I discuss specific causes of infant death and then, contributing factors which put babies at risk. Next, the distribution of various IMR is surveyed on a state to state basis. States possessing the ten highest infant mortality rates are discussed, including possible reasons for higher IMR. In addition, those states with the ten lowest IMR are mentioned. In conclusion, I consider preventative measures for minimizing the number of babies that die each year.
Every day, 370,000 babies are born into this world- each having the potential to live a prosperous and productive life. Unfortunately, some of these tiny, fragile humans do not live until their first birthday. The death of infants within the first year of life is known as infant mortality. There are many contributing factors as to why infant mortality may be high or low in a specific area. In order to measure the amount of deaths that occur in a particular region, the number of newborns that die before the age of one year old per 1,000 live births are recorded and is known as the infant mortality rate in that society. Generally, the infant mortality rate of a country directly reflects on the health-care system provided. Unfortunately, in today’s world, a child dies every four seconds.
A pregnant mom to be that lives her life in poverty tends to not be able to get all the daily nutrients that she needs to allow the healthy development of the baby. Often the baby is born with a low birth weight, which later can cause infant mortality, physical problems and mental problems. 80% of poverty mom-to-be’s will give birth to low birth weight infants.
In developing counties. Thousands of children die each year from simple illnesses.
...ds & Gelleny, 2007). Moreover, the status of women is independent on policy adjustments in developing countries. Governments in developing countries should organize an economically and political stable environment, to be economically attractive (Maxfield, 1998 as cited in Richards & Gelleny, 2007). Other critics state governments are forced to cut expenditures in education and social programs. This phenomenon especially affects women (Ayres and McCalla, 1997, as cited in Richards & Gelleny, 2007). Since the public sector is one of the main employers of females, women are often the most disadvantaged by governmental efforts to cut expenditures in the public sector (Hemmati and Gardiner, 2004, as cited in Richards & Gelleny, 2007). As a result, women will become unemployed and unable to expanded education among themselves or their children. (Richards & Gelleny, 2007)
My essay is divided into two parts. In the first part I am focused on the first question and I analyse Åsa Löfström´s report, OECD and World Bank Group´s documents and the scientific works of other scientists, such as Roger Mortvik and Roland Spant, Mark Smith, Kabeer and Natali. In the second part I am more specific and I try to find answers on the second and third question. Whereas these questions involve the strategies and actions to exploit the economic potential in female employment, I will focus on the EU level to give you a particular example.
Somalia, like many other African countries, has a very high child mortality rate. In fact, they have the third highest child mortality rate in the world behind Afghanistan and Mali. In Somalia, 10% of the children die before age five and there are 4 physicians per 100,000 people. This means that healthcare is poor which is a major cause for the high mortality rate. Another reason the rate is so high in Somalia is due to poor sanitation, malnutrition and indoor air pollution. Also, diseases such as diarrhea, malaria, preterm birth complications and pneumonia all contribute to the high rate. Many children and adults aren’t exposed to proper education to learn about how to prevent diseases. The major organizations that work to reduce child mortality rates include Every Women Every Child, The Millennium Goals and The Child Survival Call to Action. Some of those organizations have done a lot to help many countries such as South Africa but have not done as much for Somalia. Some money has been given to Somalia but most o...
They have only agricultural labour to invest. These people spend most of the time in a year without getting any work. As a result, during these periods they do not have any scope of earning. 50% of total population in this country are women. They are less educated, unskilled and do not have any access to income generating activities.
Many other developed countries recognize that maternal employment plays important role in defining the direction of changes in society. In those countries, many different public policies are placed to insure support for working mothers. However, U.S. is way behind on implementing those types of policies. In fact, U.S. is the only developed country that does not...