GPS aids the navigation system for accurate measurement of vehicle location [1]. Figure 2 provides an overview of navigation systems architecture used in the automotive industry. Coming to the navigation system architecture, it includes GPS antenna, GPS receiver, navigation computer, sensor interfaces, storage interfaces and a display unit.GPS antenna receives GPS signals from satellites. We have various GPS antenna configurations like, spiral helix, micro strip and planar rings. However, Popular among all is patch antenna. GPS signal uses Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) spread spectrum to facilitate satellites to use common frequencies without interference. Also GPS signal provides two codes, course acquisition (C/A code) used for civilian …show more content…
GPS driver receives and parses the data received from the GPS receiver. In addition to this, it is also responsible for extracting the useful information’s like latitude, longitude, altitude and timestamp. Navigation computer gets the vehicle information i.e. speed, direction, acceleration etc., from their respective vehicle sensors. Maps, which are used in navigation system are usually of big size (in Giga bytes, based on the type used) and are stored in an external SD card or compact disk. The database contains complete digital information about the local road network represented as a collection of points connected in a dot to dot fashion. Navigation system uses the data from digital map database for position calculation provided, GPS and sensor data are ready. Navigation software combines the sensor data, map data and GPS data to estimate the accurate position of the vehicle and is generally referred as map matching algorithm [3]. Nevertheless display driver helps the navigation system to convey position information to the vehicle’s driver once the estimated data are …show more content…
There are about 31 active satellites used for GPS communication which are rotating around the earth’s axis. Their orbit is inclined 55 degrees with respect to the equator. Satellites are placed at 20,000 kilometers from the earth’s surface and their orbits are designed in such a way that each satellite rotates two orbits per day. Orbits are planned so that at least 6 satellites in view, from most area on the earth [4].
C. Trilateration
Trilateration is a simple mathematical approach used to estimate the vehicle location by calculating the distance from the satellites in view. For 2-D (latitude, longitude) location estimation, GPS receiver must lock to at least three satellite signals. However, location estimation with three satellites may lead to inaccurate results, if vehicle is not at mean sea level. In this case we need to derive the altitude information in addition to latitude and longitude (3-D). This can be established only if the receiver gets signals from at least four
The invention of the GPS started with Dr. Ivan Getting leaving his position at Raytheon Company, and armed with the knowledge of what was at the time the most advanced navigational technology in the world, they began developing the Global Positioning System. He, Roger L. Easton, and Bradford Parkison began in the 60’s with a constellation of 24 satellites (placed in six orbital planes) orbiting the earth at a very high altitude (about
14. George A. Chidi Jr., Qualcomm turns Cell Phones into GPS Systems. 16 Jan 2002. < http://www.pcworld.com/news/article/0,aid,80085,00.asp>
GPS systems in earlier history, were primarily used by the military branches of our government to compete with other nations we had been fighting against. At the time, many people were trying to make that technology accessible to the public living in the United States. The idea of adding a GPS inside of a cell phone came to reality briefly before the year 2000. From then on, the GPS technology in cellphones has sophisticated in such a way never imaginable. A lot of good has come from this technology, but there has also been a lot of bad that has come from it as well.
The Pros and Cons of Tracking Devices. What is this world coming to? When most of us think of tracking devices, they think of primarily negative issues. But that has all changed now.
Mary Babb was in her SUV last year when her estranged husband slammed into her with his pickup truck. The crash overturned Babb’s vehicle and left her suspended upside-down by her seat belt. As she hung there helplessly, Thomas Babb fired two rounds from a shotgun, killing his wife in front of horrified witnesses outside the office where she worked. Babb had filed for divorce and moved out just before her death. She changed jobs and obtained a court order protecting her from her husband. But he kept following her. According to her family, she did everything the law provided her, and it wasn’t enough. These are just two examples of convicted offenders and that sometimes the law is just not enough. In 1995, Iowa passed the Iowa Sex Offender Registry Law. Any person convicted of a criminal offense against a minor with a sexual element, an aggravated offense with a sexual element, a sexually violent offense, or any other relevant offense in Iowa, or in any other state, or in any federal, military, tribal, or foreign court, must register as a sex offender. As of August 1st 2005, there were 6,004 people on the sex offender registry. A person who is required to register as a sex offender and whose underlying criminal offense was committed against a minor is prohibited from residing within 2,000 feet of the real property comprising a public or non-public elementary or secondary school or a child care facility. A sex offender who resides within 2,000 feet of a public or non-public school or child care facility commits an aggravated misdemeanor. BUT, an offender who had an established residence prior to July 1, 2002, resides within 2,000 feet of a newly established school or child care facility does not violate the restriction (Iowa - A Taliban State). So, you could have a twice convicted sex offender living next to you and your family. What good is the law then? Since this new law came into effect, registered sex offenders have became less and less. Not because they’re not committing the crimes, but because they’re not registering. Out of the 6,000 offenders in Iowa, over 500 of them are listed as “unconfirmed whereabouts.” It has forced many of the offenders to become homeless, or sleeping in their cars or trucks (Davey). National surveys have shown that about one-fourth of all sex offenders who are on the streets have moved, failed to report new addresses to police and eluded detection.
In 2010, Google broadcasted that they created an archetype of a car that can drive itself; its purpose, to avert collisions, allow citizens more time, and cut down on harmful pollutants that vehicles produce (Poczter & Jankovic, 2014). The heart of the self-driving automobile is lasers that are mounted on the roof of a modified Toyota Prius that produces a precise three-dimensional atlas of the area surrounding the car. Furthermore, the automobile is outfitted with four radars, and another laser around the vehicle that allows it to precisely create a 3-D map of its surroundings (Poczter & Jankovic, 2014). The vehicle calculates the laser dimensions with high-resolution maps of the globe, which allows it to drive itself without human intervention, while evading obstacles and obeying traffic laws (How Google’s self-Driving Car Works, 2011).
...regarded GPS – an indispensable part of GIS. Discussions on cartographic principles, commercial GIS software programs, satellite images, aerial photos, and geodatabases are some of the other conspicuous omissions in this book. There is an inconsistency in the depth of topics explored; for example map projections are explored in great depth, while vector topology is merely glossed over. These omissions and inconsistencies would in my opinion make this book marginally less beneficial to all the three audiences together. However, there is something for all them; structure for engineers, equations for engineers and students, and GIS concepts for students, engineers and users. This book will therefore be undeniably valuable if used to complement the material in some of the other fundamental GIS books in the discipline. It has merits, but there is room for improvement.
Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) has access to many traditional and non-traditional dynamic elements that provide superior capabilities to collect and monitor visual, seismic, and acoustic signatures of motorized vehicles. SIGINT is the only system that can be operational and maintainable in any type of climate and terrain, which provides an advantage over the United States’ (U.S.) adversaries. The process of obtaining the intelligence starts with the collection of any type of signal, whether it be infrared, electro-optical, or electronic. After the signals are collected, analysts encounter the tasks of cryptanalysis, transcription, traffic analysis, and translations of the enemy information systems; analyst then determine size, location, distance, and terrain features. The data is usually processed in overlays and graphic displays within the United States. End products are then populated into National databases for the use of the Intelligence Community. The increasing utilization of computers, the internet, satellites, sophisticated encryption, and cellular telephones have streamlined effective and accurate Human Intelligence (HUMINT); implementation of Signals Intelligence has became an important role to maintain superiority over adversaries.
Modern internet technology is introduced into new vehicles as a safety feature. One recent idea is having connectivity between vehicles. Ankeeta Patel of Parul Institute of Engineering and Technology presents the
A beacon is a device designed to obtain information of a specific location. Important information such as the status of an airport based on the colour and rotational pattern of its airport beacon as well as weather information as indicated by weather beacon on top of a high building can be obtained by combining beacons with semaphoric indicators. Also, when used in such fashion, beacons can be considered a form of optical telegraphy.
There was a time a person would use a roadmap to get from one location to another. Some also would stop and ask for directions. Today, you seldom see paper maps and people stopping at a local gas station for directions. Many vehicles come with a navigation system that provides a real-time map of the vehicle’s current location as well as systematic directions to requested destination.
GPS is a system of satellites radio-transmitters that orbit the planet in great numbers; their purpose is to be able to pinpoint the exact location of an individual or any type of vessel that is equipped with a receiver transmitter within a very small radius. GPS navigation has had a great impact upon society in general as well and its commercial and military applications. Global Positioning is made available at no cost to anyone who has a GPS receiver unit anywhere on the planet. A GPS unit is able to give the user longitude/latitude information as well as, altitude, traveling speed, distance traveled, distance remaining and time in any type of weather conditions imaginable.
Computers are used at traffic stops. The officer can find the vehicle identification number (VIN) and calls the number in to the secretary and the secretary lets the responding officer know whether or not the vehicle belongs to the driver of the car, to make sure the vehicle isn’t stolen. If the car is stolen the officer car arrest the person right then.
TVS and telephones are using satellites, and I thought it would be a good idea
A satellite is defined as an object that orbits or revolves around another object. In basic terms, this relationship is due to the gravitational pull of the larger object while the smaller one has enough velocity and momentum to circle the larger one (Fitzgerald &Dennis). This is a good definition if one is only speaking of the broad principles of why and how objects attract one another and where in nature this occurs. The billions of stars and planets together make up a vast network of orbiting objects that each can rightfully be called satellites. By studying the way the Universe and Solar System works, scientists have been able to send man made devices into earth's orbit to serve the needs of a technologically developing world.