Dark matter is an invisible substance that makes up about 25% of the universe. Dark energy is the force that repels gravity which consists of about 70%. About 5% is the matter that we see today which includes stars and galaxies. Due to the fact that dark matter doesn’t interact with the electromagnetic force, dark matter doesn’t absorb, reflect or emit light. Dark energy doesn’t have local gravitational effects but it does affect the universe as a whole. The importance of dark matter and dark energy is that they make the majority of the mass in the universe. Dark matter and energy are important to how galaxies function and survive.
Dark matter must help make up 25% of the universes mass because if it did not, the elements of the universe would not hold together. This material cannot be directly observed. In the 1950s, studies about other galaxies showed the possibility that there is other matter out there that cannot be seen though the naked eye. In 2014, a particle physicist by the name of Andreas Hoecker who works as a deputy coordinator at the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, stated that supersymmetry is the best theory they have to prove that dark matter exists and what it is. The supersymmetric particles are hypothesized particles that were proven to exist after experiments at the Large Hadron Collider. The Large Hadron Collider helps allow scientists see dark matter particles. The dark matter particles could disappear but they would leave energy and momentum that can be detected. Scientists use the amount of energy and momentum missing to infer that dark matter exists. The Large Hadron Collider can also determine the masses and cross-sections of dark matter.
It is only a possibility that dark matter exists ...
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...ity, strange energy-fluid that filled in space, and that Einstein’s theory of gravity could be wrong and a new theory could be found about the cosmic acceleration. Dark energy effects space and time. Dark energy overcomes gravity. In the 1990s, astrophysicists examined distant supernovae to calculate the deceleration of the universe. These astrophysicists were surprised by the results of actually seeing that the universe is accelerating. The Hubble law is the rate of expansion and acceleration of the universe. The results from measurements made off the Hubble law confirms the existence of dark energy and how much of it exists. Quintessence is the possibility that the universe is filled with a changing energy field. According to Einstein’s cosmological constant for a stationary universe, empty space can have its own energy and can increase when more space emerges.
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In the first chapter we meet some of the characters and what they do. Both Daniela and Jason Dessen gave up their careers to start a family together. Jason goes to a party held for his former colleague, Ryan Holder, celebrating a Prize that he had earned. He and Jason talk and Jason gets enraged and leaves the party early. On his way home a kidnapper approaches him and forces him into a SUV. He takes Jason to an abandoned warehouse and injects a needle into his neck and slowly Jason goes unconscious.
The Big Bang theory is a theory that states that the universe originated as a single mass, which subsequently exploded. The entire universe was once all in a hot and dense ball, but about 20 million years ago, it exploded. This explosion hurled material all over the place and all mater and space was created at that point in time. The gas that was hurled out cooled and became our stellar system. A red shift is a shift towards longer wavelengths of celestial objects. An example of this is the "Doppler shift." Doppler shift is what makes a car sound lower-pitched as it moves further away. As it turns out, a special version of this everyday life effect applies to light as well. If an astronomical object is moving away from the Earth, its light will be shifted to longer (red) wavelengths. This is significant because this theory indicates the speed of recession of galaxies and the distances between galaxies.
Physics is the study of matter and how it interacts with other matter and the universe as a whole (“Physics (science)”). In the novel City at the End of Time by Greg Bear, the author uses physics to create the plot in the novel. The novel takes place in two cities, a present day Seattle and the Kalpa, a city one hundred trillion years in the future. Jack, Ginny, and Daniel are drifters living in Seattle, and they are all in possession of sum-runners. The sum-runners allow them to cross “fate-lines” or world-lines. In the Kalpa’s universe space has continuously expanded and the fabric of space is being torn causing rips in space. The Typhon, an unexplainable entity, consumes the decaying space homing in on the Earth. Bear does not use basic physics, instead he focuses on the more complex branches such as theoretical physics, astrophysics, and quantum physics. Bear uses theories from each branch, puts his own twist on them. Bear uses the multiverse theory used both in theoretical physics, and quantum physics, and the Big Rip, and Big Crunch theory used in astrophysics. Greg Bear accurately uses theories in the branches theoretical physics, astrophysics, and quantum physics in the novel City at the End of Time.
The theory of relativity is the basic theory about space-time continuum and gravitation which was mainly established by the greatest theoretical physicist Albert Einstein. According to the areas it aims to describe, Einstein’s theory of relativity can be classified into special relativity (space-time) and general relativity (gravitation) 1. The theory of relativity, as do quantum mechanics, brought a revolutionary impact on the foundation of modern physics, and thus had an impact on modern technology. And it impacted the “common sense” understanding that people had of the universe by its new concepts such as four dimensional spaces and curved space.
The Higgs Boson is a subatomic particle, such as that has zero or no spin and follows the statistical description given by S. N. Bose and Einstein. The Higgs Boson theory was discovered in 1964 by a Dr. name Peter Higgs who came up with the idea of the Higgs field which keeps everything in balance and keeps electrons from flying everywhere. When the Higgs Boson theory first came out to other scientist they all thought that Mr. Higgs was crazy because they knew that gravity held everything in its place and that electrons couldn’t escape. The Higgs Boson is what gives other particles it mass because it combines them together to give them mass, but the mass isn’t just given to them they have to enter the Higgs Field. When Peter Higgs first thought of the theory everyone thought he was just saying things until he came up with an equation that solved his theory and soon every scientist started to figure out what is it, how it worked, what’s its purpose. Mr. Higgs was certain that his theory was real and that other particles got mass from the Higgs Field which is made of the Higgs Boson. The Higgs Boson was recently discovered in 2012 at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at Cern, in Switzerland.
Despite all our advances in particle physics and astrophysics, we still don't know what form of matter makes up 95% of the universe. Physicists have named this mysterious substance dark matter, for it can not be detected by observation (it does not emit visible or other frequency light waves). However, we know that dark matter must exist, following Newton's universal law of gravity.
Greene continues with his explanations of the special theory of relativity.Chapter 3: Of Warps and Ripples Green begins the chapter by describing "Newton's View of Gravity" and continues by discussing the incompatibility of Newtonian Gravity and Special Relativity. The author also talks about how Einstein discovered the link between acceleration and the warping of space and time. Greene also discuses the basic aspects of General Relativity. He later points out how the two theories of relativity effect black holes, the big bang, and the expansion of space.Chapter 4: Microscopic Weirdness This chapter describes, in detail, the workings of quantum mechanics.
The number of theories surrounding how the universe materialized is nearly endless, but Krauss’ thesis is one of the most convincing and buttressed that has been proposed. Lawrence Krauss is one of the most well respected theoretical physicists and cosmologists in America and has done extensive research on how and why the universe is in existence. Like the title of his book, A Universe from Nothing: Why There is Something Rather than Nothing, his entire theory surrounds the fact the universe was created from nothing. In support of his argument, he explores the weight and shape of the universe, dark matter and energy, quantum mechanics, visual particles, and expansion rates. While the world may never know exactly how the universe was created, society is getting closer to figuring it out and Krauss may have been the one to figure it out.
The Main Strengths of the Cosmological Argument There are many strengths within the Cosmological Argument which have proven theories and ways to prove the existence of God. Many of these strengths have come from such scholars as; Copleston, Aquinas and Leibniz, all of which have put together major points to prove the existence of a non-contingent being. One of the main strengths of the Cosmological Argument is from Aquinas way I that was about motion. This would be a posteriori argument because you need to gather evidence from the world around you.
Dark Energy is a theoretical repulsive force that counteracts gravity and causes the universe to expand at an accelerating rate. More is unknown than known about Dark Energy. There had been many theories about Dark Energy before HST, but no one had hard evidence. The HST provided evidence
The first three chapters of A Brief History of Time cover a variety of topics. In chapter one, Stephen Hawking tries to provide a single theory to describe the entire universe. Chapter two describes some of the ideas that scientists, mathematicians, philosophers, and physicians of the past had about gravity and theories of motion. The third chapter in the book talks about the work of many scientists of the past concerning whether the universe is expanding or not. In each chapter, Stephen Hawking describes several different things to solve the huge idea of the entire universe.
There is now strong evidence pointing towards the existence of dark matter in the universe, derived from a variety of precision measurements; it is now believed that the universe is made up of roughly 5% baryonic matter, 25% dark matter and 70% dark energy (Ade, et al., 2013). Evidence exists to suggest that the dark matter cannot be made up of normal baryonic matter (Weiss, 2006) (Raine & Thomas, 2001) and it is in the investigation of the non-baryonic components that cosmology turns to particle physics. The study of elementary particle physics can provide clues as to what this non-baryonic matter could be made up of, with current possibilities being: neutrinos with mass, weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), axions and magnetic monopoles. These are all primeval and interact weakly with baryonic matter. I will now discuss each of these.
Gravity is the force that pulls two objects together, and the mass of the human body depends on gravity. The more the mass there is, the amount of the gravitational force will increase. The study of the Earth’s gravitational field itself is complex and deeply fascinating. Likewise, studying its relation to the human body makes it even more thought provoking. A gravitational field is simply the area of space neighboring a body that has another body experiencing a gravitational attraction force. As human beings and just general species, our state in Earth is not the same as it is up in the atmosphere or another planet. Unfortunately, the term “gravity” is thrown around futilely these days, but in this essay you will learn its purpose in our Earth, and all the notions that go along with it.
The Universe is a collection of millions of galaxies and extends beyond human imagination. After the big bang, the universe was found to be composed of radiation and subatomic particles. Information following big bang is arguable on how galaxies formed, that is whether small particles merged to form clusters and eventually galaxies or whether the universe systematized as immense clumps of matter that later fragmented into galaxies (Nasa World book, 2013). A galaxy is a massive area of empty space full of dust, gases (mainly 75% Hydrogen and 25%Helium), atoms, about 100-200 billion stars, interstellar clouds and planets, attracted to the center by gravitational force of attraction. Based on recent research, 170 billion galaxies have been estimated to exist, with only tens of thousands been discovered (Deutsch, 2011).