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Cash management techniques
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Cash management is seen as one of the key aspects of efficient working capital management. It involves planning and controlling cash flow of the business and cash balances held by a business (Antiwi et.al. 2015) . It deals with balancing cash inflows of the business with that of its cash outflows (Agamata 2013). Speed-up of cash collection and delaying cash payment are indicators of a good cash management. Roque (2016) said that cash management involves the maintenance of the appropriate level of cash and investment in marketable securities to meet the firm's cash requirements and to maximize income on idle funds. According to Brigham et.al. the term cash is often means as currency and demand deposit.
John Maynard Keynes divided the demand
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According to Walusimbi (2011), the business should also improve their cash management policies by adopting the most appropriate policies like banking, investing, budgeting and planning for cash requirements.
According to Agamata (2013) cash budget is an indispensable tool in managing cash flow. Cash flow management magnifies the inevitable relevance of budgeted cash flow for a year. This budget provides working details on when is cash greater than the need for the period and when is additional cash needed to sustain the liquidity requirements for a given period. Cash flows management predetermines the excess cash inflow and deficit in a given period.
Cash management is a broad term that refers to the collection, concentration and disbursements of cash. It is particularly important for new and growing business. Cash collection is a function of accounts receivable, it is the recovery of cash from business or individual with which the company is issued in invoice (Ross). The most obvious way of bringing forward cash inflows, would be to press debtors for earlier payment although this policy will result in goodwill and problems with customers. According to Gitman (2008) as cited by Damiyano, the objective of managing accounts receivable is to collect cash as quickly as possible without losing sales from high pressure collection
Net working capital represents organization’s operating liquidity. In order to compute the net working capital, total current assets are divided from total current liabilities. When there is sufficient excess of current assets over current liabilities, an organization might be considered sufficiently liquid. Another ratio that helps in assessing the operating liquidity of as company is a current ratio. The ratio is calculated by dividing the total current assets over total current liabilities. When the current ratio is high, the organization has enough of current assets to pay for the liabilities. Yet, another mean of calculating the organization’s debt-paying ability is the debt ratio. To calculate the ratio, total liabilities are divided by total assets. The computation gives information on what proportion of organization’s assets is financed by a debt, and what is the entity’s ability to pay for current and long term liabilities. Lower debt ratio is better, because the low liabilities require low debt payments. To be able to lend money, an organization’s current ratio has to fall above a certain level, also the debt ratio cannot rise above a certain threshold. Otherwise, the entity will not be able to lend money or will have to pay high penalties. The following steps can be undertaken by a company to keep the debt ratio within normal
Furthermore, the cash-flow demonstrates the monetary receipts and monetary expenses in a certain time period. The cash-flow budget greatly centers on viability, which relates to the organization’s generating enough cash to meet both short-term and long-term financial obligations to maintain their existence (Finkler et al., 2013). In essence, an organization generating more cash than using in their operations produces a more
Capital Budgeting encourages managers to accurately manage and control their capital expenditure. By providing powerful reporting and analysis, managers can take control of their budgets.
A company's budget serves as a guideline in planning and committing costs in order to meet tactical and strategic goals. Tactical goals such as providing budgetary costs for daily operations, and strategic objectives that include R&D, production, marketing, and distribution are all part of the budgeting process. Serving as a guideline rather than being set in stone, the budget is a snapshot of manager's "best thinking at the time it is prepared." (Marshall, 2003, p.496) The budget is a method in which to reign-in discretionary spending, and will likely show variances between what costs have been anticipated and what costs are actually incurred.
If you receive cash you are likely to save it and put it in the bank. Thus, what a business sacrifices by having to wait for the cash inflows is the interest lost on the sum that would have been saved.
Cash flow statements provide essential information to company owners, shareholders and investors and provide an overview of the status of cash flow at a given point in time. Cash flow management is an ongoing process that ties the forecasting of cash flow to strategic goals and objectives of an organization. The measurement of cash flow can be used for calculating other parameters that give information on a company 's value, liquidity or solvency, and situation. Without positive cash flow, a company cannot meet its financial obligations.
Therefore, the company looses cash, which could aid further business operations. Increase numbers of creditors - countless businesses acquire credit to operate, however, too much credit can become a problem for a business, especially, if it also offers credit to customers. This is because you’re ability to pay your credit is dependent on whether your debtors pay you in due time. Therefore, in case they don’t, the business will surface cash flow problems. Over-financing – excessive borrowing to finance your business can result in higher interest rates and tougher repayment schedules and this can lead to cash flow challenges. Over-trading – when a business sells over and above its capability on credit, it results to loans or overdrafts to finance the transactions. If the customers do not pay on time, cash flow problem occurs. Over-investment – often times, a company may be tempted to utilise available cash for investment; purchase vehicles, machinery, premises, and other assets. Too much investment in assets and failure to budget for the future can cause a business to run out of cash and consequently, fail to finance
According to (Power!), cash flow management is described as an important process of supervising, analysing and controlling our personal financial situation. Cash flow includes two critical components which is income (inflow) and our expenses (outflow). Developing cash flow management is an important step in order to track your own spending and manage your income proactively. Moreover, you should track this weekly, monthly or even quarterly. To prepare a clear cash flow statements, three steps should be taken. First step, you should make a clear list of your inflows. Second step, you can know how your money have spent by recording your cash outflow monthly. For instance, you should write down all of your expenses and differentiate your fixed
If there is sufficient working capital than we can assume that it has sound financial position and if the business is under trading than there will be increment in liquid assets which shows that the funds are not been utilized and kept ideal.
However it is also a source of finance. Research shows that over 60% of business investment comes from reinvested, retained profit. · Squeezing Working Capital By cutting stocks, chasing up debtors or delaying payments to creditors, cash can be generated from a firm’s working capital. However, when cash is taken from working capital for a purpose such as
Capital budgeting is one of the primary activities of a company. Most of the company uses capital budgeting for decision making process of selecting and evaluating long-term investment. The company have to make a right decision with respect to investment in fixed asset such as purchasing of new equipment and delivery vehicles, constructing additions to buildings and many more. The decision must be right because of the project involve huge amount of cash outflow and it is committed for many years.
Most critical to this discussion is a clear understanding of what a financial manager is and does and how his or her role aids in helping to establish the valuation of a corporate entity in today's global financial market. Quite simply, a financial manager helps to measure a company's market value and its risk while also helping to systematically reduce its costs and the time necessary to make informed decisions regarding objective driven operations. This is quite a demanding game plan for an individual and most often financial managers, in the corporate world, work in cooperation with a team of financial experts. Each member of that team perhaps having expertise in differing areas of activity, but each however, being no less expert in his or her respective area of endeavors in behalf of the corporation. The team is assembled under the direction of the officer know in the corporation as the Chief Financial Officer who today is becoming increasingly indispensable to the CEO who directs a modern model of action driven, bottom-line oriented corporate activity (Couto, Neilson, 2004). One can accurately state that the role of the competent and capable financial manager is figuratively worth its weight in gold.
The management of cash is essential to the survival of any organization. Managing an organization’s financial operation requires knowledge of the economy and ways to maximize revenue. For any organization to operate on a daily basis adequate cash flow is required. Without cash management the organization will be unable to function because there is no cash readily available in case of inconsistencies in the market. Cash is also needed to keep the cycle of the company’s operations going.
Cash is known as the king in business world. Thus king (cash) should be managed well to be in the business and also to grow financially. Cash management is key to run the business efficiently that will also avoid the bankruptcy. Cash management is all about collecting, managing, investing and disbursement of the cash. A very important and key factor for the company 's stability. Cash management are generally taken care by treasurers of the company or the business managers.
iii. Short-term funds are less expensive than long-term funds. MANAGEMENT OF WORKING CAPITAL:- Working capital refers to all aspects of the administration of both current assets and current liabilities. In other words, working capital management is concerned with the problems that arise in attempting to manage the current assets, the current liabilities, and the interrelationships that exist between them. Moreover, different components of working capital are to be properly balanced in such a way that during one complete production or trade cycle the cash should be available for purchase of fresh material and for running the business including operating expenses, after realization of sale proceeds of earlier cycle without any hurdles.